氯化对二级处理出水中溶解性有机物结构的影响

以哈尔滨市W污水处理厂污水为研究对象,利用XAD树脂对二级处理出水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分级分离.按照DOM在不同树脂上的吸附特性将其分为5个部分:疏水性有机酸(HPO-A)、疏水性中性有机物(HPO-N)、过渡亲水性有机酸(TPI-A)、过渡亲水性中性有机物(TPI-N)和亲水性有机物(HPI).考察了二级处理出水中有机组分的组成分布、三卤甲烷生成势、紫外光谱和红外光谱.结果表明,二级处理出水中的主要成分是HPO-A和HPI,两者含量之和达70.8%.HPO-A是加氯消毒时产生三卤甲烷的主要有机组分,其三卤甲烷生成活性(STHMFP)为232.9μg/mg.而HPO-N、TPI-A、TPI-N和HPI的STHMFP介于100～125μg/mg之间.氯化反应后,HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A和HPI的紫外-可见吸光度均降低,而TPI-N则相反.并且HPO-A、HPO-N、TPI-A和TPI-N中的O-H、C=C和苯环的含量降低,而C-O的含量升高,还生成了C=O和C-Cl.     

实车三效催化剂表面成分分析

对主要在北京行驶的总里程在34×104～59×104km的6辆轻型出租车用三效催化剂,利用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)分析了其表面元素的种类、含量,以及污染物元素含量与行驶里程的关系.结果表明,在催化剂表面检测到的元素种类近30种,含量较高的元素种类基本相同.前后级催化剂上检测到的共同污染物元素有P、Ca、Zn和Mn等,主要来自于机油和汽油,34×104km行驶里程后,P在催化剂的累积速度已非常缓慢,Ca、Zn和Mn在催化剂表面的沉积经过56×104km后仍有增加的趋势.在后级催化剂上还检测到了明显的S含量,说明S更容易在后级催化剂上沉积.经过40×104km行驶里程后,S在催化剂表面的沉积量基本达到平衡状态.累积规律说明经过40×104km行驶里程后,容易使催化剂中毒的P和S对催化剂活性影响已较小,而Ca、Zn和Mn的持续累积,将会继续降低催化剂的活性.     

DAPI荧光染色计数法的感潮河段沉积物细菌数量测量影响因素研究

采集珠江广州河段沉积物样品,分析沉积物质地与有机质含量,同时分析了改良DAPI染色操作方法并讨论各因素对DAPI染色剂染色效果的影响,研究DAPI(4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylidole)荧光染色剂在具有感潮性质的沉积物样品中的染色影响因素.结果表明,沉积物稀释2 000倍,超声浴10 min,DAPI浓度为10μg.mL-1,染色时间30 min以上时,可以得到最佳细菌计数数量.细菌数量与褪色比例有良好的相关性(r=0.587,p=0.004).粒径组成与有机质含量有较强的相关性,它是通过影响有机质含量来影响褪色比例的,因此有机质也与褪色比例有一定的相关性.将褪色比例与有机质含量、细菌数量及黏粒比例做回归分析,得到与实测值相关性较好(r=0.694)的拟合值.这些结果表明,在使用DAPI荧光染色法研究感潮河段沉积物细菌数量的过程中,应充分考虑上述影响因素.     

连云港海域浒苔藻体的光谱特征分析

采集连云港海域浒苔藻体进行自然光照和固定水环境条件下三种密度梯度(0.5g/L,2.5 g/L和5.0 g/L)的培养,利用美国ASD便携式地物光谱仪获取浒苔藻体整个培养过程中的反射光谱曲线,定性分析日时间序列的浒苔藻体反射光谱特征和定量分析日时间序列的浒苔藻体红边参数.结果表明:浒苔在衰亡过程中,颜色由绿变黄最后变白...     

聚糖原菌富集实验及其内源过程探究

细胞衰减是微生物内源过程的一个重要组成部分,可分为由细胞死亡引起的数量衰减和由细胞活性降低引起的活性衰减两部分.通过挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）吸收速率(VFAUR)测定、荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）以及LIVE/DEAD细胞染色技术,研究了富集聚糖原菌（GAOs）在序批式反应器（SBR）系统中好氧环境下的衰减特征.结果表明,当T=30℃、进料中m(COD)∶m(P)=100时,SBR系统中GAOs富集比例达94%.测定和计算表明,SBR富集系统中GAOs衰减速率和死亡速率分别为0.132 d^-1和0.034 d^-1,其数量衰减和活性衰减占其细胞总衰减比例分别为26%和74%.可见,GAOs数量衰减只占其细胞总衰减中很小一部分,而绝大部分衰减由活性衰减所引起.     

C/P对EBPR系统PAOs与GAOs竞争及PHAs代谢过程影响研究

以富含聚磷菌(PAOs)活性污泥为基础,基于FISH技术研究了SBR工艺不同C/P(25∶1、20∶1、15∶1和10∶1)对EBPR系统中功能菌变化特征与微生物胞内聚合物(PHAs)代谢过程的影响.结果表明,经过10 d运行处理,C/P分别为25∶1、20∶1和15∶1系统磷酸盐去除率88%,而C/P为10∶1系统磷酸盐的去除率为0%.FISH检测结果显示,随着C/P从25∶1下降到10∶1,EBPR系统中PAOs的含量相应从(76.42±1.24)%减少到(10.40±0.97)%,而聚糖菌(GAOs)则从(16.36±3.41)%增加到(34.25±2.59)%.在厌氧段,不同C/P条件下EBPR系统中PHB和PHV的合成动力学系数大小分别为K25∶1K20∶1K15∶1K10∶1和K15∶1K20∶1K25∶1K10∶1.随着C/P从25∶1下降到10∶1,合成PHB在PHAs中所占的比例从85%下降到24%,而PHV则从15%上升到76%;在好氧段,不同C/P系统消耗PHB和PHV的动力学系数大小均为K20∶1K25∶1K15∶1K10∶1,且C/P为25∶1、20∶1和15∶1时系统消耗主要成分是PHB(占PHAs 71%～75%),而C/P为10∶1时系统消耗主要成分是PHV(占PHAs 71%).由此表明,随着C/P的降低,EBPR系统内GAOs增加而PAOs减少,从而导致系统内PHB合成与消耗比例逐渐减少,而PHV合成与消耗比例逐渐增加.     

光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)法观测我国4个本底站大气CO2

利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术自组装的大气CO2在线观测系统,于2009年在青海瓦里关、浙江临安、北京上甸子和黑龙江龙风山4个世界气象组织全球大气观测网(WMO/GAW)大气本底站对大气CO2进行了在线观测.初步分析结果表明,4站全年大气CO2体积分数最低值出现在7～8月,夏季临安、龙风山和上甸子站CO2平均体积...     

荧光桃红-溴化十六烷基三甲基铵检测有机磷农药残留总量

在pH为6.40的B-R缓冲溶液中,荧光桃红与一定浓度的溴化十六烷基三甲基胺发生荧光增强反应,加入有机磷农药后,体系的荧光强度降低,且降低程度与有机磷农药的加入量呈良好的线性关系,建立了用此荧光法来测定有机磷农药残留总量的新方法.在优化试验条件下,线性范围为0.008-0.72 mg·L-1,检出限为0.05 mg·L...     

Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution using red loess as an adsorbent

The adsorption behaviors of heavy metals onto novel low-cost adsorbent, red loess, were investigated. Red loess was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The results indicated that red loess mainly consisted of silicate, ferric and aluminum oxides. Solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal concentration, contact time and temperature significantly influenced the efficiency of heavy metals removal. The adsorption reached equilibrium at 4 hr, and the experimental equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir monolayer adsorption model. The adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto red loess was endothermic, while the adsorption of Pb(II) was exothermic. The maximum adsorption capacities of red loess for Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were estimated to be 113.6, 34.2 and 17.5 mg/g, respectively at 25°C and pH 6. The maximum removal efficiencies were 100% for Pb(II) at pH 7, 100% for Cu(II) at pH 8, and 80% for Zn(II) at pH 8. The used adsorbents were readily regenerated using dilute HC1 solution, indicating that red loess has a high reusability. All the above results demonstrated that red loess could be used as a possible alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution.     

Effect of platinum on the photocatalytic degradation of chlorinated organic compound

TiO2 nanoparticles, doped with di erent Pt contents, were prepared by a modified photodeposition method using Degussa P-25 TiO2, H2PtCl6 6H2O and methanol as the solvents. The physicochemical properties of Pt/TiO2 were investigated by the nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherm measurement technique, X-ray di raction analysis and photoluminescence spectra, respectively. Reaction rates from photocatalytic removal of dichloromethane over Degussa P-25 TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 were evaluated. The average diameter and BET surface area of the TiO2 catalyst particles were 300 nm and 50 m2/g, respectively. The degradation e ciency was 99.0%, 82.7%, 55.2%, and 57.9% with TiO2 at inlet concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 ppm, respectively. And the degradation e ciency was 99.3%, 79.7%, 76.5%, and 73.4% with a 0.005 wt.% Pt/TiO2 at inlet concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 ppm, respectively. In addition, we found that the photoluminescence emission peak intensities decreased with increases in the doping amount of Pt, which indicates that the irradiative recombination was weakened. Furthermore, the results showed that the UV/0.005 wt.% Pt/TiO2 process was capable of e ciently decomposing gaseous DCM in air.