长江流域养殖池塘氮磷污染负荷估算

长江流域平原区水网密布、渔业发达,养殖池塘造成的氮磷污染问题突出,是河湖富营养化的重要污染源之一;从大空间尺度,精细化 估算养殖池塘的氮磷污染负荷,对水污染的精准防控具有重要意义.以长江流域为研究区,依托Google Earth Engine遥感大数据平台,构建了基于机器学习算法的养殖池塘识别模型,精细化识别了长江流域养殖池塘的分布与类型;梳理养殖坑塘的氮磷污染研究案例,针对长江流域养殖坑塘的特征,构建氮磷污染负荷的估算方法,评估氮磷污染负荷的时空分布.研究结果表明：2021年,长江流域养殖池塘总面积为14567 km²,包括鱼塘5820 km²、虾蟹塘8747 km²、氮磷排放量分别为95059、16224 t;中部地区的氮磷污染负荷最大,东部地区次之,西部地区最小. 本研究是遥感大数据在大尺度污染负荷定量分析的尝试应用,方法适用于其它类型污染负荷的估算.     

高比表面硫脲改性花生壳炭的制备及对四环素和铜的吸附

以硫脲和磷酸为改性剂,通过一步碳化制备了高活性氮硫共掺杂高比表面改性花生壳炭PBC-NS.探讨了改性花生壳炭PBC-NS吸附单一与混合体系中TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附特性,并研究了改性对TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附的增强作用及机制.结果表明,改性花生壳炭PBC-NS成功引入了砒啶氮、石墨氮、 C—S—C和—SH等氮硫官能团,且改性后比表面积高达1 437 m²·g^-1,比改性前提升了2.6倍.改性花生壳炭PBC-NS对单一体系TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为585mg·g^-1和21.2mg·g^-1,较改性前提升2.6倍和2.7倍;且PBC-NS对混合体系中的TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的饱和吸附量较单一体系提升13mg·g^-1和6.8mg·g^-1.PBC-NS在4次重复使用后对TC和Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附容量仍能达到初始吸附量的66%和70%.等温拟合与现代光谱分析表明,改性使PBC-NS对TC/Cu(Ⅱ)吸附量的大幅提高主要归因于氮硫活性官能位的化学络合和高比表面引起的孔填充共同作用...     

Can Export-Oriented Aquaculture in Developing Countries be Sustainable and Promote Sustainable Development? The Shrimp Case

Industrial shrimp farming has been promoted by international development and financial institutions in coastal indebted poor countries as a way to obtain foreign exchange earnings, reimburse external debt, and promote development. The promotion of the shrimp industry is a clear example of a more general trend of support of export-oriented primary products, consisting in monocultures of commodities, as opposed to the promotion of more diverse, traditional production directed to feed the local population. In general, it is assumed that export-oriented aquaculture and agriculture, in a framework of liberalization policies, facilitates economic growth and this is associated with poverty reduction and the improvement of food security. However, it has been shown that the promotion of export-oriented production, mostly in the hands of big corporations, can have detrimental consequences for the livelihoods of local populations and the environment. As a result, international institutions, NGOs, and the industry aim to minimize these impacts by promoting sustainable export-oriented production. But some impacts may remain, since the main issue is the primary focus on international deregulated markets and the search for cheap primary products. To illustrate the relationships between the mainstream concept of development, the environmental and social impact of industrial farming systems, and the promotion of export-oriented production in developing countries, this article analyzes the case of the shrimp aquaculture industry.     

低C/N比水产养殖废水生物脱氮实验研究

随着短程硝化-反硝化理论研究的发展,在低C/N比条件下,实现污水的生物脱氮处理已成为可能。为此,设计了水产养殖用水的三级生物膜短程硝化-反硝化处理工艺,并对该工艺在去除模拟水产养殖废水主要污染物的作用进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,在进水pH值7.5~8.5,温度为28~32℃,溶解氧为0.5~1 mg/L,游离氨浓度为5~10 mg/L的条件下,模拟废水的COD、NH4+-N和TN的平均去除率分别达到94.4%、91.6%和70.1%;并且低C/N比对出水氨氮NH4+-N的去除率影响不大,NO2--N的平均浓度控制在5.2 mg/L以下,低于鱼类的耐受浓度。表明该短程硝化-反硝化工艺设计,可用于低C/N比水产养殖废水主要污染物的生物处理,尤其是可消除NO2--N对水产养殖的潜在威胁,基本达到养鱼回用标准。     

Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments For Fish Hatcheries1

Barkoh, Aaron, Dennis G. Smith, and Gregory M. Southard, 2010. Prymnesium parvum Control Treatments for Fish Hatcheries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):161-169. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00400.x Abstract: In 2001, the ichthyotoxic microalga Prymnesium parvum caused massive fish kills and adversely affected fish production at the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) Dundee State Fish Hatchery. Since then, we have investigated several P. parvum bloom and ichthyotoxicity control treatments to develop management strategies that allow fish production and prevent the spread of the alga into unaffected hatcheries and impoundments. Current control successes include treatments for ponds, water supply, and a hazard analysis and critical control point program. For pond treatment, ammonium sulfate (as 0.14-0.25 mg/l un-ionized ammonia nitrogen for temperatures above 15°C), copper sulfate (2 mg/l), Cutrine^®-Plus (0.2-0.4 mg/l as copper), or potassium permanganate (3 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand) controls P. parvum blooms. Copper sulfate at 1 mg/l controls P. parvum but is unable to eliminate ichthyotoxicity whereas potassium permanganate at 2 mg/l above the potassium permanganate demand controls ichthyotoxicity. For water treatment, ultraviolet (UV) light at 193-220 mJ/cm² doses or ozone at 0.4-1.2 mg/l for 6 min destroy P. parvum cells and reduce or eliminate ichthyotoxicity. A combination UV and ozone treatment appears to provide the best results; however, successful treatments depend on dosage relative to cell density and toxin concentration. To prevent the spread of the alga, hatchery fish delivery units and equipment are cleaned with household bleach (10% solution for 15 minutes) or hydrogen peroxide (62.5-12,500 mg/l for 0.25-24 hours). These treatments are tailored to water quality conditions and the fish species cultured at affected TPWD hatcheries. We recommend that other users test these treatments before applying them to ponds or other impoundments containing fish or other aquatic life.     

The effect of oxytetracycline on physiological and enzymatic defense responses in aquatic plant species Egeria densa,Azolla caroliniana,and Taxiphyllum barbieri

Oxytetracycline is an antibiotic widely employed in aquaculture to control and treat bacterial diseases of fish. Due to ineffective wastewater treatment, antibiotic residues from fish ponds are directly released into surface and groundwater affecting the environment. The Green Liver System® is a sustainable and cost-effective water treatment based on the ability of aquatic plants to biotransformation xenobiotics. To expand the application range of this system, Egeria densa, Azolla caroliniana, and Taxiphyllum barbieri were tested in response to oxytetracycline exposure. The aquatic plants were exposed to 0.5, 2.0, 5.0, and 25 μg/L oxytetracycline (n = 4) for 24 h in order to analyze the physiological responses (photosynthetic pigment contents and hydrogen peroxide formation -- H₂O₂), the biotransformation process (activity of glutathione S-transferase), and the antioxidant defense (glutathione reductase; peroxidase; and catalase) responses. There were no statistical differences in the photosynthetic pigment contents and H₂O₂ level between the treatment and control groups in the three aquatic plant species. It can be concluded that oxytetracycline does not provoke physiological damage to the tested species within 24 h of exposure. Nevertheless, the antioxidant defense mechanism was activated. Peroxidase and catalase were the most prominent antioxidant enzymes in the three plant species, whereas glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly increased in A. caroliniana and T. barbieri.     

微藻对海水养殖循环水高效碳氮磷一体化去除的研究

海水养殖循环水高盐分和波动的低碳氮比造成水处理困难和亚硝酸盐累积,影响循环水处理利用,其排放造成受纳海域生态环境破坏.本研究采用混合营养型钝顶螺旋藻结合膜光合反应器（MPBR）考察碳氮比对海水养殖循环水碳、氮、磷一体化去除效率及藻生物质产量的影响.结果表明,在原水碳氮比为5时,钝顶螺旋藻可实现碳、氮、磷高效一体化去除,出水COD低于20 mg·L^-1,满足《海水养殖水排放要求》（SC/T 9103—2007）一级标准,总氮和总磷浓度均满足二级标准.提高碳氮比有利于钝顶螺旋藻的生长、油脂累积和氮磷的去除,碳氮比为1~10时藻体内油脂含量由14.9%增到19.3%.钝顶螺旋藻膜光合反应器（MPBR）运行数据表明,聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）膜和无纺布生物膜均可高效稳定地截留微藻,稳定运行期出水COD、总氮和总磷浓度均满足《海水养殖水排放要求》（SC/T 9103—2007）二级标准,且均无亚硝酸盐累积.无纺布生物膜光合反应器COD去除效率（93.2%）和藻体的多糖含量（98.1 mg·g^-1）显著高于PVDF膜反应器（85.2%和70.4 mg·g^-1）,膜通量也较低,膜污染较轻.本研究中钝顶螺旋藻结合无纺布动态生物MPBR不仅实现了海水养殖循环水高效的碳、氮、磷同步去除,无亚硝酸盐累积,并可稳定收获生物质资源,为海水养殖循环水高效、安全处理和资源化利用提供依据.     

福建东山湾养殖贝类重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

为了解东山湾海水养殖贝类重金属污染状况及健康风险水平,2016年11月采集了华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobills)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、鲍(Haliotis sp.)、巴非蛤(Paphia sp.)、牡蛎(Saccostrea sp.)和翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)等6种常见贝类,对其污染指数、膳食暴露量和健康风险等进行评价。结果表明,东山湾贝类体内Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg含量(均值)分别为9.69、0.19、43.5、0.65、0.21、0.010和1.69μg·g~(-1),与第一类海洋生物质量标准限值相比,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和As的超标率分别为16.7%、83.3%、33.3%、33.3%、16.7%和100%;但除华贵栉孔扇贝Cd含量超标外,Pb、Cr、Hg和As含量均能满足食品中污染物限量标准要求。尽管东山湾贝类总致癌风险R_c=1.65×10~(-4),存在一定的健康风险,但5种贝类体内重金属含量略低于我国东部-南部沿海贝类的平均水平,且2010—2017年期间东山湾牡蛎体内重金属污染状况没有明显变化(养殖生物质量指数<5%),加上重金属膳食暴露风险较低,总非致癌风险R_n=0.94(<1),总体而言贝类质量状况尚可。     

A study on aquaculture industry regulations and policies of globally representative states

Aquaculture has a long history,and has achieved rapid development from 1950 to 2010,especially since the 1990s.Nevertheless,aquaculture has also seen a series of problems emerge.Inevitably,aquaculture interacts with the environment and society.Rapid development requires that close attention be paid to potential environmental and social impacts and their prevention or mitigation.The development and management of aquaculture is related closely with a variety of legal and institutional arrangements.Thus,aquaculture raises numerous legal and institutional issues.This paper explores actual legal and institutional practices of global representative aquaculture countries and provides a comprehensive account of the legislation and policies of different countries.Further,this paper reveals that the optimal legal framework for aquaculture is in line with related international regulations(especially the soft laws)and strictly operational,and the corresponding policy framework should establish early access and warning,as well as post assessment and feedback mechanisms.