Summary of 25 Years of Xylem Tracheids and Sewage/Sludge in the Sea

The Rapid Sewage/Sludge Indicator Technique (RSIT), developed during the early 1970's, responded to critical needs within the Bureau of Water Pollution Control. It enabled quick detection of contamination in ocean water and bottom sediments during sewage-related emergencies and routine monitoring. RSIT became an invaluable tool for resource management, in determining where and to what extent marine environments are impacted, and when immediate information is necessary for public health decisions.

The RSIT utilizes microscopic examination for terrestrial plant vascular tissue, especially the xylem tracheid elements, as identifiers of sewage/sludge. Not normally found in ocean waters, this material, in toilet paper and the roughage of the human diet which passes through the digestive system intact, is an indicator of human faecal contamination. Minimal training and common laboratory materials allow gross screening in five minutes. New studies by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), United States Geologic Survey (USGS) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), most recently at the 106-mile dump site off the New York Bight, revalidated the technique as a rapid, inexpensive, easy to use, semiquantitative indicator both for water column and sediment samples.     

Intraspecific Chromosome Number Variation: a Neglected Threat to the Conservation of Rare Plants

Abstract: The effectiveness of rare plant conservation will increase when life history, demographic, and genetic data are considered simultaneously. Inbreeding depression is a widely recognized genetic concern in rare plant conservation, and the mixing of genetically diverse populations in restoration efforts is a common remedy. Nevertheless, if populations with unrecognized intraspecific chromosome variation are crossed, progeny fitness losses will range from partial to complete sterility, and reintroductions and population augmentation of rare plants may fail. To assess the current state of cytological knowledge of threatened and endangered plants in the continental United States, we searched available resources for chromosome counts. We also reviewed recovery plans to discern whether recovery criteria potentially place listed species at risk by requiring reintroductions or population augmentation in the absence of cytological information. Over half the plants lacked a chromosome count, and when a taxon did have a count it generally originated from a sampling intensity too limited to detect intraspecific chromosome variation. Despite limited past cytological sampling, we found 11 plants with documented intraspecific cytological variation, while 8 others were ambiguous for intraspecific chromosome variation. Nevertheless, only one recovery plan addressed the chromosome differences. Inadequate within‐species cytological characterization, incomplete sampling among listed taxa, and the prevalence of interspecific and intraspecific chromosome variation in listed genera, suggests that other rare plants are likely to have intraspecific chromosome variation. Nearly 90% of all recovery plans called for reintroductions or population augmentation as part of recovery criteria despite the dearth of cytological knowledge. We recommend screening rare plants for intraspecific chromosome variation before reintroductions or population augmentation projects are undertaken to safeguard against inadvertent mixtures of incompatible cytotypes.     

国家《大气污染防治行动计划》健康效益评估

为了提高空气质量改善进程,2013 年国家发布了《大气污染防治行动计划》。本文基于空气污染与健康效益评估模型(BenMAP),对人口分布资料、大气污染与人体健康影响的暴露反应关系等进行了本土化修正,采用“支付意愿法”与“疾病成本法”相结合的方法,系统评估了《大气污染防治行动计划》实施后,PM_2.5 污染变化引起的环境健康效益。研究结果表明,《大气污染防治行动计划》的实施将在一定程度上降低PM_2.5 环境浓度,改善环境空气质量。如果《大气污染防治行动计划》空气质量目标全面实现,可以避免城镇8.9 万居民的过早死亡,减少12 万人次住院治疗以及941 万人次的门诊和急诊病例,实现的全国健康效益约为867 亿元/ 年,说明了《大气污染防治行动计划》实施的健康有益性。本文对政府部门开展污染损失评估及制定环境健康政策具有重要的参考价值。     

中心城区的生态安全格局构建研究

本文利用景观生态学的理论,采用最小累计阻力模型,评价深圳市福田区的景观生态安全格局.结果表明,福田区当前存在景观格局破碎、生态安全网络不完善、生态廊道孤立和生态流连接性差等问题.对此,本文提出优化生态节点、生态廊道和生态网络等措施,提出"一心、一轴、一环、三带、六区"的福田区生态安全格局规划,以满足城市发展的需要及保护城市生态系统的生态过程和基本服务功能.     

江苏省“十一五”环境质量状况及成因分析

结合江苏省“十一五”期间环境质量状况及变化情况,综合分析了环境空气、水环境、声环境质量及污染物排放状况.“十一五”期间,江苏省经济总量以13.5％的平均速度增长,社会、经济的快速发展给全省环境质量带来巨大的胁迫压力,资源能源消耗迅速攀升,“三废”产生总量持续增长;而由于加大了节能减排和环境治理投入力度,采取了一系列措施...     

大红丙烯酸油漆着色剂替代及其综合利用研究

清洁生产与资源综合利用是人们持续研究的课题,笔者在大红丙烯酸油漆着色剂"颜料红GL"替代"镉红颜料"中,开展了颜料红GL随温度、时间变化与热塑性丙烯酸树脂、有机硅助剂、二甲苯最佳浓度配比,确保着色效果及其资源综合利用等一系列试验,实现了年综合利用工艺冲洗水25.6万吨,减排CODcr 218.24吨、总镉:油漆中8031.5吨,废水中0.41吨、固废中0.088吨,提高了产品市场竞争率。     

卢氏县集中式饮用水水源保护区划分研究

划分水源地保护区是保障饮用水资源可持续利用的重要措施。在卢氏县集中式饮用水水源保护区的划分工作中,根据《饮用水水源保护区划分技术规范》(HJ/T338-2007),采用现场调研和卫星遥感技术相结合的方法,结合饮用水水源保护区的地形、地标、地物的特点,科学地对卢氏县地下水型、河流型、湖泊型水源地进行保护区划分,并提出卢氏县饮用水水源保护区范围、面积及目标,为卢氏县饮用水源保护规划奠定了理论基础。针对卢氏县饮用水源的特点,提出可行的建议和措施,为下一步饮用水源的保护提供科学依据。     

试论宜居性城市绿地的规划与建设

在生态城市、可持续发展等社会思潮的推动下，宜居性城市已逐渐成为新的城市发展观。我国的城市绿地建设也由过去的点缀性工作上升为城市基础设施建设的重点内容。但从城市的宜居性角度分析，我国城市绿地的规划与建设主要存在定位比较模糊，重综合公园和专类公园绿地、轻社区绿地，重绿地美化亮化效果、轻绿地生态效益，重整体性评价指标、轻宜居性指标等问题。立足于城市绿地规划的宜居性导向，提出了合理定位、绿地工程与主体工程“四同时”， 按自然规律进行城市绿地的建设与管理，突出社区性绿地，推行“绿径＋缀块”的绿地网络布局，强调绿地的“可达性＋开放性＋复合性”，以及适度兼顾绿地规模等宜居性城市绿地规划与建设的策略。     

航空公司安全目标控制的研究与改进

通过对航空公司安全目标控制现状的分析，得出了前馈控制中维修隐患查找不力，现场控制中员工自控和领导监督缺乏针对性、安全目标激励作用大打折扣、规章手册不利于查找，以及公司的反馈控制名存实亡等问题。并提出改进意见：针对维修隐患查找提出了新的查找机制；对员工安全指标排序，作为控制和监督的依据；引进目视管理，增强安全目标的激励作用；建议为维修员工提供能够快速查找相关手册项目的设备；使用滚动计划法制定安全计划，并借用其反馈框架，引入因果图查找产生偏差的原因。     

可持续发展导向的环境规划研究

在论述可持续发展与环境规划之间关系的基础上，指出环境规划的指导思想是环境与经济、社会的可持续发展。针对可持续发展的实质，提出了环境承载力变化趋势是衡量可持续发展的依据，从而为区域可持续发展提供了量化的依据。并以长春技术开发区环境规划为例进行了案例分析，验证结果合理、可行。