The copper tolerance strategies and the role of antioxidative enzymes in three plant species grown on copper mine

This study was undertaken to identify the strategies and the status of antioxidant enzyme activities involved in three plant species tolerance against Cu-toxicity in copper mine. The following methods were used for evaluations in three wild type species; Datura stramonium, Malva sylvestris and Chenopodium ambrosioides. The level of chlorophyll and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) by spectrometry, malondialdehyde (MDA) and dityrosine by HPLC and the levels of Cu in tissues and soils by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS).

Analysis showed that total and available copper were at toxic levels for plants growing on contaminated soil (zone 1). However, there were not any visual and conspicuous symptoms of Cu toxicity in plant species. Among three species, excess copper was transferred only into the D. stramonium and C. ambrosioides tissues. The C. ambrosioides accumulated Cu in roots and then in leaves, in which the leaves chloroplasts stored Cu around two times of vacuoles. In D. stramonium most of Cu was accumulated in leaves in which the storage rate in vacuoles and chloroplasts were 42% and 8%, respectively. In zone 1, the chlorophyll levels increased significantly in leaves of C. ambrosioides with respect to the same plant growing on uncontaminated soil (zone 2). There was insignificant decrease in chlorophyll content of D. stramonium leaves, collected from zone 1 with respect to zone 2. The D. stramonium and C. ambrosioides in zone 1, both revealed significant increase in their tissues antioxidant enzyme activities in comparison with the same samples of zone 2. There was significant elevation in oxidative damage biomarkers; MDA and dityrosine, when the aerial parts of D. stramonium in zone 1 were compared with the same parts of zone 2.

We concluded that there were different tolerance strategies in studied plant species that protected them against copper toxicity. In M. sylvestris, exclusion of Cu from the roots or its stabilization in the soil restricted Cu toxicity effects. On the other hand D. stramonium and C. ambrosioides, elevated their antioxidative enzyme activities in response to cu-toxicity. In addition, the species D. stramonium accumulated excess of Cu in leaves vacuoles.     

Early Responses to Acute Ozone Exposure in Two Fagus Sylvatica Clones Differing in Xeromorphic Adaptations: Photosynthetic and Stomatal Processes, Membrane and Epicuticular Characteristics

Two Fagus sylvatica L. clones were used to investigate the early responses to acute O₃ exposure (150 nL L⁻¹, i.e., 1.35× ambient hourly peak in rural Italy) and whether xeromorphic adaptations affect gas exchange, membrane, and epicuticular responses. One clone originated in a wet and temperate climate in Central Italy (Tuscany); the other clone originated in a warmer and drier climate in the southern-most part of the F. sylvatica distribution (Sicily). Because of higher base gas exchange rates, the most negative effects of O₃ exposure (gas exchange impairment, uncoupling between net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, increased membrane lipid peroxidation) were found in the southern clone. Xeromorphic adaptations (higher epicuticular waxes and stomatal density, lower leaf wettability and size) were found in this clone. Our results suggest that xeromorphism may increase O₃ sensitivity in species not adapted to face water stress, like the mesophilic F. sylvatica, when experiments are carried out with full irrigation. We present evidence describing the relationship between gas exchange and number and status of stomata. Stomatal density and the structural damage to stomata resulting from O₃ exposure did not affect gas exchange: In fact, non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis prevailed over stomatal limitations.     

Biosorption of cadmium by Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Myriophyllum triphyllum orchard

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological treatment of heavy metal-contaminated water employing Myriophyllum species, namely M. spicatum L. and M. triphyllum. Both species were found to be capable of removing cadmium (Cd) from water; the latter significantly outperformed. Myriophyllum species were treated with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16 mg l⁻¹ cadmium solutions for 24, 48, 72, 96 h, respectively. Cd uptake of both species was the lowest at 2 mg l⁻¹ and the highest at 16 mg l⁻¹. Concentration related cadmium stress on both species exhibit significant difference on pigment levels (8–16 mg l⁻¹). These findings contribute to the fact that submerged aquatic plants can be used for the removal of heavy metals.     

TTPC对铜绿微囊藻生长及生理的影响

试验设定了6个TTPC浓度梯度处理组和1个对照组,研究十四烷基三丁基氯化鏻(TTPC)对铜绿微囊藻(FACHB469)生长及生理的影响。结果表明当TTPC浓度超过0.6 mg/L时能有效地抑杀铜绿微囊藻,当TTPC浓度为0.8 mg/L,藻细胞与药剂接触时间96 h,相对抑制率达84.68%,同时铜绿微囊藻的可溶性蛋白质量分数、叶绿素a含量及总糖质量分数与对照组相比均显著下降(p<0.05)。根据以上实验结果,我们结果推测TTPC杀藻机理可能是通过阻碍藻细胞生命活动所必需的蛋白合成,抑制叶绿素a的合成,导致藻细胞生命活动所需糖类等物质含量急剧降低,从而使藻细胞生命过程受到阻塞,最终破坏整个藻细胞。     

叶绿素a与环境因子关系的研究——以三明地区某水源地为例

根据2009～2012年水源地水质自动监测所得数据,分析叶绿素a的动态变化与环境因子的相关关系,筛选影响叶绿素a含量变化的环境因子。分析表明:该水源地水库水质状况属贫营养型,其中叶绿素a含量变化主要受总磷、水温、高锰酸盐指数影响,以这3种影响因子建立起的多元回归方程能较好的预测水库叶绿素a的变化趋势。     

Protective effect of exogenous nitric oxide and salicylic acid on the photosynthetic apparatus of tomato seedling leaves under NaCl stress北大核心CSCD

Using the tomato variety 'Qin Feng Bao Guan' as experimental material, and by the hydroponics nutrient solution method, we investigated the effects of single and compound applications of nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and salicylic acid (SA) on the gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, RuBisCO activation, CO2 response curve, photosynthetic pigment content, and xanthophyll cycle in seedling leaves under an NaCl stress of 100 mmol/L. The main findings were as follows: (1) Single or combined applications of SNP and SA could increase the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), PS II maximal photochemistry efficiency (Fv/Fm), antenna conversion efficiency (Fv'/Fm'), practical photochemical efficiency (φPS?), photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient (qP), and chlorophyll fluorescence decay rate (Rfd) of tomato seedling leaves at different rates, and significantly reduce the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), original fluorescence (Fo), and PS II non-photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient (NPQ), after NaCl stress treatment. The strongest effect was observed after applying a combination of SNP and SA. (2) Under NaCl stress, the decrease of CO2 carboxylation efficiency (CE), RuBP maximum regeneration rate (Jmax), RuBisCO and its activation enzyme activity, and the maximum carboxylation rate (Vc max) in tomato seedling leaves could be effectively relieved by SNP, SA, or SNP + SA applications; however, SNP + SA treatment had the strongest effect. (3) Single or combined applications of SNP and SA could effectively inhibit the decrease of the contents of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), the ratio of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, xanthophyll cycle pool size (V + A + Z), and the increase of the de-epoxidation extent of the xanthophyll cycle (A + Z)/(V + A + Z). The combined application of SNP and SA had the most prominent effect. In conclusion, the heat dissipation of the antenna, which is dependent on the xanthophyll cycle, is not the physiological mechanism for the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus by exogenous NO, SA alone, or compound treatment in tomato seedling leaves under NaCl stress. It is the main reason for the increase of photosynthetic function and enhanced salt tolerance of leaves tomato seedlings that the protection of PS II and its primary electron acceptor quinone (QA) downstream electron transfer patency, and the improvement of CO2 assimilation activity by application of exogenous NO, SA alone, or a combination of the two; synergistic effects were observed after using a combination of SNP and SA. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Fuzzy modelling of chlorophyll production in a Brazilian upwelling system

In the context of coastal management the aim of this paper is to present the development of a fuzzy model through the application of a Genetic algorithm in order to select the most appropriate set of variables and improve our understanding with a set of rules. The case studied is the chlorophyll response as bioindicator of ecological status in the Northeast coastal upwelling system of Rio de Janeiro state, Southeastern of Brazil. The prediction of the fuzzy model has shown an improved performance when compared to the traditional approaches as Multiple Regression modelling. The results show that the set of inferred rules can assess three different water masses. Despite the increased occurrence of upwelling is observed in spring–summer period and some instability of the model, it is able to forecast some chlorophyll peaks. We conclude that the sampling frequency is crucial to reach a better performance.     

YSI6600V2水质多参数仪现场快速法与实验室分光光度法测定湖泊藻类叶绿素的比较

通过将YSI6600V2水质多参数仪测得的叶绿素a值与实验室分光光度法叶绿素a测定值进行比较,分析了YSI6600V2多参数水质监测仪测定叶绿素a的准确性与局限性。结果表明,YSI6600V2测定值多数偏低,且相关性较差。将YSI6600V2测得的蓝藻密度样本分为2类后,相关性得到显著提升。提出了利用蓝藻密度对样本进行分类后,分别进行叶绿素a校正的方法,并说明了此种校正方法的局限性。     

丙酮萃取分光光度法测定水中叶绿素a实验条件的优化

基于丙酮萃取分光光度法,对叶绿素a测定方法进行深入研究,并通过单因素重复试验对冻存时间、冻存温度、萃取时间、萃取温度、细胞破碎方式、萃取剂浓度及萃取混合液提取方式等7方面的测定条件进行优化。优化后的实验条件为:水样经过抽滤后,置于-25℃低温冰箱中冻存12 h后取出,在常温下加入分析纯丙酮,用力振摇2 min至滤膜充分粉碎后定容到10 m L,静置不超过0.5 h,在离心机内以4 000 r/min的速度离心,取上清液进行比色。     

地表水浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法比较研究

比较了浮游植物叶绿素a测定方法中的丙酮萃取法和热乙醇萃取法.结果表明,应用反复冻融植物细胞的丙酮萃取法对地表水中浮游植物叶绿素a的萃取率显著高于其他方法,且重复测定的精密度较高.