二月桂酸二丁基锡对大鼠睾酮及合成关键酶的影响

用玉米油或二月桂酸二丁基锡[DBTD0.01,0.1,1mg/(kg·d)体重]对新生雄性Wistar大鼠连续5d注射染毒.至大鼠出生后第49d,检测其血清睾酮,细胞色素胆固醇侧链裂解酶(P450scc)、3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3β-HSD)和细胞色素P450 17-α脱羟基酶(Cyp17)这3种睾酮合成关键酶mRNA表达及脏器系数.结果表明,大鼠血清睾酮随DBTD剂量升高呈上升趋势,1mg/(kg·d)组与对照组比较有显著性差异;P450scc和3β-HSD mRNA相对表达无显著性变化,Cyp17在0.1mg/(kg·d)组的相对表达有显著性升高;1mg/(kg·d)组大鼠睾丸脏器系数有显著性升高,而各DBTD处理组附睾和肝脏脏器系数与对照组比较无显著性变化.     

羰基镍急性染毒致大鼠淋巴细胞DNA损伤的剂量时间效应

通过急性动物实验观察不同剂量羰基镍(Ni(CO)4)染毒对大鼠淋巴细胞DNA的损伤程度。采用静态方式对SD大鼠染毒30 min,以羰基镍20 mg·m~(-3)、135 mg·m~(-3)和250 mg·m~(-3)为低、中和高剂量染毒组,250 mg·m~(-3)氯气染毒组为阳性对照组,未染毒组为正常对照组。大鼠染毒后1 d、2 d、3 d和7 d分别收集样本。采用单细胞凝胶电泳测量淋巴细胞DNA的损伤程度。通过对所得彗星图像的尾长和Olive尾距(OTM)指标结果分析发现,大鼠淋巴细胞损伤程度随着羰基镍染毒剂量的增加而增加,4个时间点各剂量组间均有显著差异(P0.05),4个剂量组各时间点均有显著差异(P0.05),且随时间变化有一定的变化规律,损伤程度在3 d时达最大,而后缓慢下降;在高剂量组染毒和染毒后3 d,损伤程度达到最大。急性羰基镍染毒可致淋巴细胞DNA显著损伤,且存在明显的剂量、时间和交互效应。     

Assessment of the role of thymol in combating chromium (VI)-induced oxidative stress in isolated rat erythrocytes in vitro

Thymol, the main phenolic compound in Thymus vulgaris, has been shown to have various biological effects. The main objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of thymol on counteracting hexavalent chromium-induced oxidative damage in rat erythrocytes in vitro. The radical scavenging activity of thymol was examined using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay. Erythrocytes resistance to oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation, osmotic pressure, hemolysis as well as morphological alterations were evaluated in the presence of 2.5 µg thymol mL^?1 with or without 5 µmol hexavalent chromium mL^?1 of the incubation media. Results from the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay denoted good radical scavenging activity of thymol. Thymol caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and reduced glutathione content in erythrocytes intoxicated with hexavalent chromium. In contrast, the presence of thymol resulted in markedly less-elevated malondialdehyde levels, hemolysis, and destabilization of erythrocytes exposed to hexavalent chromium. Microscopically, thymol markedly reduced hexavalent chromium-induced morphological alterations in rat red blood cells. Conclusively, thymol counteracted hexavalent chromium-induced oxidative damage in rat erythrocytes.     

四溴双酚A亚慢性呼吸暴露对Wistar雄性大鼠的毒性效应

为研究四溴双酚A(TBBPA)亚慢性呼吸暴露对大鼠的毒性效应,将36只健康的无特定病原菌级别(SPF级)Wistar雄性大鼠分为6组,分别为空白对照组、控制对照组和129、546、1 216、4 550μg·m-3TBBPA气溶胶染毒组,采用经口鼻呼吸暴露方式连续染毒90 d。暴露实验期间每天观察大鼠状态,每10天记录1次大鼠体重,于第91天解剖受试大鼠,分离主要脏器,并对肺组织进行病理检查。结果显示,与对照组比较,各暴露组大鼠肾脏及脾脏的脏器系数均有显著降低(P0.05);TBBPA工业品气溶胶暴露组大鼠肺部病变程度和病变发生率高于空白对照组及控制对照组。研究结果表明Wistar大鼠经亚慢性呼吸暴露TBBPA颗粒后,可能造成一定程度的肾、脾脏毒性效应和肺部炎症。     

胚胎期和哺乳早期全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)暴露对大鼠肝脏脂肪酸代谢影响的microRNA组学研究

研究低剂量全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS)对大鼠幼仔肝脏中microRNA的表达及脂肪酸代谢的影响,并且从microRNA分子角度探讨PFOS对肝脏相关功能影响的分子毒性机制及预测其他一些潜在的毒性效应。PFOS染毒剂量为3.2mg·kg-1,对照组给予同等体积的含2%的聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐单月桂酸酯乳化剂(Tween 20),利用高通量miRNA芯片技术观察了胚胎期和哺乳早期经PFOS染毒后出生第1和7天(PND1和PND7)大鼠肝脏组织miRNA的表达情况。结果显示,PFOS能够引起仔鼠肝脏microRNA表达量的变化,PND1和PND7时显著变化的microRNA个数分别为46和9个。miR-125a-3p、miR-23a*、miR-25及miR-494同时在PND1和PND7显著性表达,PND1呈现下调性变化,PND7呈现上调性变化。通过生物信息学和统计学分析发现:PFOS具有大鼠肝脏早期发育毒性,而且胚胎期的毒性效应强于哺乳早期;大鼠幼仔肝脏早期发育中,PFOS对其糖脂代谢及细胞凋亡过程具有毒性效应;胚胎期和哺乳早期,在低剂量PFOS暴露下,β和ω氧化代谢是肝脏脂肪酸代谢的主要方式;脂酰COA合成酶、脂酰COA脱氢酶及烯酰COA水合酶等脂肪酸代谢过程的关键酶,是PFOS暴露下microRNA潜在的靶分子。研究表明,PFOS具有多种肝脏早期发育毒性,低剂量PFOS暴露下,microRNA能够调节肝脏脂肪酸代谢相关靶基因的表达,进而调控脂肪酸代谢过程。     

Effect of a popular Middle Eastern food (Falafel) on rat liver

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short-term consumption of oil and frying oil extracted from falafel patties, and then to study the long-term effect of consumption of falafel patties on rat liver gross morphology and serum liver enzymes. The frying oil quality was assessed using thiobarbituric acid reaction on rat liver homogenate. Frying oil and oil extracted from falafel patties were administered to male Wistar albino rats via gavage for 5 days. Blood samples were collected and the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and bilirubin levels were determined. Livers were weighed and gross morphology was assessed. For the long-term effect of falafel consumption, rats were fed falafel patties for 30 days, and then blood samples were collected and assayed for the above-mentioned parameters. Short-term consumption of falafel extracts and frying oil did not cause any significant difference in the liver function tests and liver gross morphology. Whereas, long-term consumption of falafel patties caused a significant increase in ALP, ALT, bilirubin level and increased liver weight/body weight ratio denoting hepatotoxicity. This indicates that consumption of large amounts of falafel on daily basis might lead to hepatotoxicity.     

Responses of Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) to Removal of Introduced Pacific Rats from Islands

Abstract:  Invasive mammalian predators such as rats are now widespread on islands, but hypotheses about their effects have rarely been tested. Circumstantial evidence from New Zealand indicates that, when introduced to islands, Pacific rats ( Rattus exulans ) have negative effects on endemic plants, invertebrates, birds, and reptiles, including the tuatara ( Sphenodon punctatus ). We tested the effects of Pacific rats on tuatara by comparing the demographic structure and body condition of tuatara populations on three islands before and after removal of rats and on a fourth island where rats remained. In the presence of rats, juvenile tuatara constituted on average 0–5% of the sample tuatara populations. When Pacific rats were removed after at least 200 years' occupancy, the proportion of juvenile tuatara increased 3.5- to 17-fold and body condition of adult males and females also improved (sometimes dramatically). We predict that, unless Pacific rats are removed from Taranga Island, the tuatara population will collapse because of low population density and the lack of juvenile recruitment. Our results demonstrate that when invasive species exert subtle effects on recruitment and body condition, the effects on populations of long-lived endemic species may only become apparent long after the invasion.     

SO2污染激活AT1R改变运动大鼠心肌胶原纤维形态学并导致心功能降低

为了观察SO₂污染环境下运动对大鼠心功能的影响,从心脏局部肾素-血管紧张素系统（renin-angiotensin system,RAS）核心成员——血管紧张素Ⅱ（angiotensin Ⅱ,AngⅡ）Ⅰ型受体（AT₁R）介导的心肌胶原纤维形态结构重塑的角度出发,应用心脏插管技术观察大鼠的心脏功能;采用放射免疫技术（ELISA）、免疫组织化学和胃酶酸解法等方法对心肌局部ρ（AngⅡ）、AT₁R蛋白表达水平、w（HYP）（HYP为羟脯氨酸）及胶原容积分数进行检测.结果表明:①单纯运动组（EG）大鼠主动脉收缩压、左室内压峰值、±dp/dt_max（左室内压最大上升速率/下降速率）显著升高（P < 0.01）,舒张压、AT₁R蛋白表达显著降低（P < 0.01）,w（HYP）、w（CC）（心肌胶原浓度）、PVCA（血管周围胶原面积）、CVF（心肌胶原容积分数）及ρ（AngⅡ）有升高趋势（P>0.01）;②单纯SO₂污染组（SRG）大鼠左室末期舒张压显著升高（P < 0.01）,左室内压±dp/dt_max显著降低（P < 0.01）;w（HYP）、w（CC）、PVCA、CVF、ρ（AngⅡ）及AT₁R蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P < 0.01）;③SO₂污染+运动组（SEG）大鼠左室末期舒张压显著升高（P < 0.01）,主动脉收缩压、左室内压峰值、左室内压±dp/dt_max显著降低（P < 0.01）,w（HYP）、w（CC）、PVCA、CVF、ρ（AngⅡ）及AT₁R蛋白表达水平均显著升高（P < 0.01）,并且较SRG大鼠升高更显著（P < 0.01）.研究显示,SO₂污染导致运动大鼠心肌胶原纤维形态结构发生异常重塑,最终使大鼠的心功能产生显著的负性变力性效应,其机制可能与心脏局部RAS系统的激活有关.      

大气细颗粒物亚慢性染毒对大鼠肺内质网应激相关因子表达的影响

采集冬、夏季太原市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5),并制备PM2.5生理盐水混悬液.将35只雄性SD大鼠随机分为7组:对照组、3个不同剂量夏季PM2.5染毒组(0.2、0.6、1.5 mg·kg~(-1)体重)及3个不同剂量冬季PM2.5染毒组(0.3、1.5、2.7 mg·kg~(-1)体重),每组5只,气道滴注法染毒,每隔2 d染毒1次,共60 d.采用荧光实时定量PCR、Western blot、ELISA方法检测大鼠肺内质网应激指标——葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、活化转录因子6(ATF6)、C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶12(Caspase12)及血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)的mRNA和蛋白表达变化.结果表明,与对照组相比,冬季中、高剂量PM2.5染毒组大鼠肺组织GRP78、ATF6、CHOP、Caspase12、HO-1 mRNA和蛋白表达显著增加,夏季高剂量PM2.5染毒组大鼠肺组织这5个基因mRNA和蛋白表达显著增加.冬季和夏季PM2.5组大鼠肺上述5个基因表达有剂量-效应关系.结果表明,太原市PM2.5亚慢性染毒可诱导大鼠肺内质网应激相关基因GRP78/ATF6/CHOP/HO-1表达,说明肺内质网应激反应加强;而CHOP和Caspase-12上调,提示与细胞凋亡关联的内质网相关性死亡途径被激活.冬季和夏季PM2.5引起内质网应激相关因子表达上调的效应没有显著差别.     

吸烟烟气对鼠肺细胞膜的损伤和茶多酚的保护作用

本文以香烟气相物质作用鼠肺细胞膜为模型,用脂肪酸自旋标记物5-DOXYL和16DOXYL分别研究膜浅层和深层的动态性质受气相烟的影响,并用紫外可见分光光度法研究气相烟对膜脂的作用。结果发现,在实验的气相烟流量下,香烟气相物质能引发鼠肺细胞膜的脂质过氧化,并且使膜浅层的流动性增大。但对膜深层的动态性质没有明显的改变,如果在鼠肺细胞中预先加入粗晶态或粉态茶多酚。则肺细胞的过氧化和膜的动态性质改变受到抑制,而且这种抑制作用与茶多酚浓度呈量效关系,而茶多酚本身对膜浅层无明显作用,但对膜深层的流动性有一定影响,而且两种茶多酚的作用相似。