沙尘暴源区土壤盐碱扬尘对大鼠呼吸系统的免疫损伤

为研究沙尘暴源区土壤盐碱扬尘对大鼠呼吸系统的免疫损伤,采集距北京200多公里的张家口张北地区的安固里诺尔干盐湖(N41.316°,E114.350°)0~5 cm的盐碱表土,过200目(75μm)筛,测试土壤盐碱扬尘中水溶性离子。将32只雄性7周龄Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,即生理盐水对照组、低浓度组(1.5 mg·kg~(-1))、中浓度组(7.5 mg·kg~(-1))、高浓度组(37.5 mg·kg~(-1)),配制颗粒物悬液,采用气管滴注急性染毒方式,24 h后处死动物,检测血常规及血浆和肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、转化生长因子(TGF-β1)等氧化炎症因子,并制作肺组织和气管病理切片。结果表明,沙尘暴源区土壤盐碱扬尘中含有大量的SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+等离子;土壤盐碱扬尘急性染毒会对大鼠气管和肺组织造成明显的炎症病变,并随着染毒试剂浓度的升高而加重;但对大鼠血常规的影响较小。中、高浓度染毒使血浆中T-AOC显著下降(P0.05);染毒促使血浆TGF-β1分泌显著增加(P0.05),但不存在剂量-效应关系,其他氧化炎症指标分泌无显著变化。中、高浓度组BALF的TGF-β1因子分泌量显著高于生理盐水对照组(P0.05),高浓度组BALF中IL-6含量显著低于生理盐水对照组(P0.05),其他氧化炎症指标分泌无显著变化。这些研究显示土壤盐碱扬尘粒径大小及化学成分可能是造成大鼠氧化炎症差异的原因。     

Metal and metalloid contamination in roadside soil and wild rats around a Pb-Zn mine in Kabwe, Zambia

Metal (Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni) and metalloid (As) accumulation was studied in roadside soil and wild rat (Rattus sp.) samples from near a Pb-Zn mine (Kabwe, Zambia) and the capital city of Zambia (Lusaka). The concentrations of the seven metals and As in the soil samples and Pb in the rat tissue samples were quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, and As in Kabwe soil were much higher than benchmark values. Geographic Information System analysis indicated the source of metal pollution was mining and smelting activity. Interestingly, the area south of the mine was more highly contaminated even though the prevailing wind flow was westward. Wild rats from Kabwe had much higher tissue concentrations of Pb than those from Lusaka. Their body weight and renal Pb levels were negatively correlated, which suggests that mining activity might affect terrestrial animals in Kabwe.     

外源水杨酸对染铅小鼠抗氧化水平的调节

为了研究水杨酸对铅染毒小鼠体内抗氧化水平的调节,将不同浓度的水杨酸(0、0.1、0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L-1)附加到醋酸铅溶液中对小鼠隔日灌胃1个月,测定了肝和脑组织抗氧化酶活性以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量,观察了核DNA的降解情况.结果显示,0.5mmol·L-1的水杨酸完全消除了铅(300 mg·kg-1)对小鼠超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的抑制,使MDA含量维持在对照水平,核DNA降解明显减轻.这些数据显示,外源水杨酸可通过调节铅胁迫下小鼠体内抗氧化酶的活性而保护肝和脑组织免受铅引发的氧化胁迫伤害.     

全氟辛酸对大鼠海马细胞内钙离子浓度的影响

采用连续灌胃染毒的方法,探讨了全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)经口急性染毒对大鼠海马细胞内钙离子浓度的影响.选择雄性Wistar大鼠40只,实验组PFOA染毒剂量分别为2、8、30mg·kg-1(bw).连续灌胃染毒7天后,制备海马单细胞悬液,采用Fura-2/AM荧光探针法测定海马细胞内游离钙离子浓度([Ca2+]i),使用固相萃取-高效液相色谱/质谱联机法(HPLC/MS-MIS)检测血清与脑组织中PFOA浓度.结果表明,染毒组大鼠血清与脑中PFOA浓度均显著高于对照组水平(p<0.01),血清与脑中PFOA浓度之间存在显著的正相关关系(r2=0.611,p<0.01).PFOA染毒8、30mg·kg-1(bw)实验组海马细胞[Ca2+]i分别为(207.89±22.84)nmol·L-1和(284.19±14.75)nmol·L-1,显著高于对照组((141.68±11.47)nmol·L-1)和PFOA染毒2mg·kg-1(bw)实验组((147.38±19.23)nmol·L-1)(p<0.01).大鼠脑、血清中PFOA浓度分别与海马[Ca2+]i存在正相关关系(r2=0.552,p<0.01;r2=0.756,p<0.01).研究结果显示,PFOA暴露可使血清和脑组织中PFOA浓度增加,引起大鼠海马神经元细胞[Ca2+]i升高.     

甲醛对大鼠肺细胞醛糖还原酶的影响及醛糖还原酶功能研究

为了研究甲醛作用后大鼠肺细胞醛糖还原酶(AR)的活性变化以及AR在肺细胞损伤中的功能,首先通过大鼠肺细胞分离培养,观察甲醛对大鼠肺细胞AR活性的影响及AR抑制剂——盐酸小檗碱对AR活性的抑制作用;其次通过流式细胞仪检测甲醛及盐酸小檗碱对大鼠肺细胞周期和凋亡的影响.结果表明:1.0mmol·L-1甲醛作用24h使大鼠肺细胞AR活性显著增加,盐酸小檗碱对AR活性具有抑制作用;甲醛能够引起大鼠肺细胞凋亡,使G0/G1和S期的细胞比例下降,G2/M期的细胞比例增加;甲醛和盐酸小檗碱共同作用使大鼠肺细胞凋亡率较单纯甲醛组更高,同时G0/G1期的细胞比例增加,S和G2/M期的细胞比例下降.结果提示甲醛能够使大鼠肺细胞AR活性增加;AR活性增加可减少细胞凋亡,对甲醛引起的大鼠肺细胞损伤具有保护作用.     

N-苯基-2-萘胺和N-苯基-1-萘胺籍分离的大鼠肝细胞的代谢

具有致癌性的抗氧化剂N—苯基—2-萘胺(P2NA)和N—苯基—1-萘胺(PINA)在体外籍新鲜分离的大鼠肝细胞进行生物转化.肝细胞培育后的产物经TLC和HPLC分析表明,二者主要代谢产物为酚类.P2NA生成二个酚类化合物,经与标准样品作平行层析证实为6-羟基P2NA和4＇-羟基—P2NA,而P1NA仅生成一个酚类化合物.P2NA经去苯基反应的代谢产物2-萘胺未被检出.     

六溴环十二烷对发育期大鼠脑单胺类神经递质质量比及单胺氧化酶活性的影响

通过研究发育期大鼠脑单胺类神经递质质量比及单胺氧化酶活性,探讨环境暴露水平的六溴环十二烷对发育期大鼠的神经毒性作用。选择10μg/kg、50μg/kg、100μg/kg、300μg/kg的剂量对新生3 d大鼠进行暴露,饲养42 d后断头取脑组织,测定多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)的质量比及单胺氧化酶(MAO)的活性。结果表明,在10~100μg/kg的暴露剂量范围,DA质量比随暴露剂量的升高而下降,NE质量比呈现上升趋势,5-HT质量比则极显著性升高(p<0.01);与此同时,MAO的活性随剂量增加而升高,在100μg/kg剂量出现显著性升高(p<0.05)。而300μg/kg的剂量作为较高暴露水平的参照,只对DA产生显著性影响(p<0.05)。DA、5-HT、NE的质量比及MAO活性的变化可能在大鼠的中枢神经系统的发育障碍中发挥了重要作用,并且环境暴露水平的HBCD对发育期大鼠脑具有低剂量高效应的毒性反应特征。     

Oleuropein alleviates malathion-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in rats

The effects of acute exposure to 250 mg/kg malathion and the protective effects of 20 mg/kg oleuropein, both administered intraperitoneally, were evaluated in Wistar male rats. Malathion administration increased malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, total oxidant status, and DNA damage, yet decreased total antioxidant activity, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities in blood, liver, and kidney. Administration of oleuropein reversed malathion-induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and antioxidant enzyme activity.     

Fitness costs of neighborhood disruption in translocations of a solitary mammal

Translocation is used to reestablish wild populations of animals, but translocation projects often do not meet their objectives because postrelease mortality of animals is high. One reason for translocation failure is that the behavioral or ecological requirements of released animals are unmet. Maintaining founder-group social relationships during release can affect reestablishment of social species. Solitary territorial species with stable neighbors (restricted dispersal and lifetime occupation of a home range) of the same species may also benefit from the maintenance of these social relationships during translocation. We translocated Stephens' kangaroo rats (Dipodomys stephensi), a solitary species listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, with and without neighboring kangaroo rats. We compared the settlement (establishment of a stable home range) decisions and fitness of kangaroo rats between the 2 treatments. Kangaroo rats translocated with neighbors traveled shorter distances before establishing territories, had higher survival rates, and had significantly higher reproductive success than kangaroo rats translocated without neighbors. Number of offspring was 24-fold higher for kangaroo rats translocated with neighbors than those translocated without neighbors. Differences in behavior following release may partially explain differences in survival between the 2 groups. Immediately following release, animals translocated with neighbors fought less and spent significantly more time foraging and digging burrows than animals translocated without neighbors. Our results indicate that even for solitary species, maintaining relationships among members of a translocated group of animals can influence translocation success. This study is the first empirical demonstration of the fitness consequences of disrupting social relationships among territorial neighbors.     

不同强度冷刺激对大鼠心脏、大脑、睾丸和肺脏中CIRP表达的影响

采用Western blot和实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法,研究不同强度不同时间冷刺激后大鼠心脏、大脑、睾丸和肺脏中冷诱导RNA结合蛋白(CIRP)的表达情况.结果表明:常温(20℃±1℃)下大鼠4种组织中均存在一定的CIRP的表达;急性冷刺激组(-10℃±1℃、-4℃±1℃、0℃±1℃、4℃±1℃)心脏、大脑和睾丸中CIRP mRNA表达在冷刺激0～6 h呈上升趋势,6 h时达到最高值,随后呈下降趋势,肺脏中CIRP mRNA表达在0～6 h呈下降趋势,在6 h时达到最低值,随后呈上升趋势;慢性冷应激组(10℃±1℃)大鼠心脏、大脑和睾丸3种组织中CIRP mRNA在不同时间点(1周、2周、3 W周)的表达均高于正常对照组(P>0.05),肺脏CIRP mRNA表达均低于对照组(P>0.05),并且同一组织不同时间点之间差异不显著(P>0.05).可见冷刺激后CIRP的表达存在一定规律并且表现出组织特异性,可能与组织保护特异性有关.