Archaeal community structure along a gradient of petroleum contamination in saline-alkali soil

The impact of petroleum on archaeal community in salinealkali soils was investigated, which will expand the knowledge of the archaeal population involved in the natural attenuation of hydrocarbons in extreme environments.     

稀释接种法测BOD5考核样品的一些注意点

用稀释接种法测定BOD5时,由于操作繁琐,全部实验时间需要5d,任一环节出现问题都会影响实验结果。在进行考核实验时,由于时间紧,样品量有限,因此每个实验操作步骤都要谨慎仔细。通过实践经验,就BOD,考核实验总结了一些注意点。     

Origin of major ions in monthly rainfall events at the Bamenda Highlands, North West Cameroon

Rainwater characteristics can reveal emissions from various anthropogenic and natural sources into the atmosphere. The physico-chemical characteristics of 44 monthly rainfall events （collected between January and December 2012） from 4 weather stations （Bamenda, Ndop plain, Ndawara and Kumbo） in the Bamenda Highlands （BH） were investigated. The purpose was to determine the sources of chemical species, their seasonal inputs and suitability of the rainwater for drinking. The mean pH of 5 indicated the slightly acidic nature of the rainwater. Average total dissolved solids （TDS） were low （6.7 mg/L）, characteristic of unpolluted atmospheric moisture/air. Major ion concentrations （mg/L） were low and in the order K＋ 〉 Ca2＋ 〉 Mg2~ 〉 Na＋ for cations and NO3 〉〉 HCO3 〉 SO] 〉 CI- 〉 PO3- 〉 F- for anions. The average rainwater in the area was mixed Ca-Mg-SO4-CI water type. The CI-/Na＋ ratio （1.04） was comparable to that of seawater （1.16）, an indication that N a＋ and CI originated mainly from marine （Atlantic Ocean） aerosols. High enrichments of Ca2＋, Mg2＋ and SO2- to Na＋ ratios relative to seawater ratios （constituting 44% of the total ions） demonstrated their terrigenous origin, mainly from Saharan and Sahelian arid dusts. The K＋/Na＋ ratio （2.24）, which was similar to tropical vegetation ash （2.38）, and NO3 was essentially from biomass burning. Light （〈 100 mm） pre-monsoon and post-monsoon convective rains were enriched in major ions than the heavy （〉 100 mm） monsoon rains, indicating a high contribution of major ions during the low convective showers. Despite the acidic nature, the TDS and major ion concentrations classified the rainwater as potable based on the WHO guidelines.     

Characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China

To understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China, total suspended particulate(TSP) and PM10samples were collected in cities of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan from December 2011 to January 2012, and heavy metals of Cd, Pb, Cr, and As were analyzed. It shows that the average TSP concentration in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan were(183 ± 73),(201 ± 84) and(190 ± 66) μg/m3respectively, and the average PM10 were(171 ± 82),(178 ± 65) and(179 ± 55) μg/m3respectively. The lowest TSP and PM10concentrations occurred at the background Shaping site of Changsha. The average ratio of ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP) was 91.9%, ranging from 81.3% to 98.9%. Concerning heavy metals, in TSP samples, the concentration of Cr, As, Cd and Pb were 28.8–56.5, 18.1–76.3, 3.9–26.1 and 148.0–460.9 ng/m3, respectively, while in PM10samples, were 16.4–42.1, 15.5–67.9, 3.3–22.2 and 127.9–389.3 ng/m3, respectively. The enrichment factor of Cd was the highest, followed by Pb and As, while that of Cr was the lowest.     

利用淀粉/PCL共混物作为反硝化固体碳源和生物膜载体的研究

以双螺杆挤出机制备了淀粉聚己内酯(PCL,polycaprolactone)共混物(SPCL5),研究了其浸出性能及吸水性能,并在序批试验中研究了其作为反硝化固体碳源和生物膜载体的特性。结果表明,SPCL5颗粒前3 d浸出的有机物浓度较高,随后逐渐降至1.31 mgL。SPCL5颗粒吸水率在1 d左右达到饱和,约为30.97%。SPCL5可作为固体碳源用于去除低碳氮比(CN)水中的硝酸盐。以活性污泥接种时,SPCL5颗粒在1 d后就有显著的脱氮效果。驯化结束后,SPCL5颗粒的平均反硝化速率(以N计)为0.020 8 mg(g·h)。剪切力是影响反硝化速率的重要因素,转速从70 rmin提高至140 rmin时,平均反硝化速率提升近1倍,达到0.040 3 mg(g·h)。进水NO3-N浓度为15~50 mgL时对反硝化速率无显著影响,反硝化为零级反应。红外光谱结果表明利用后的共混物中淀粉和PCL均发生了降解。     

环境样品中甲基汞测定方法的研究进展

甲基汞可通过血脑屏障引起中枢神经系统永久性损伤,毒性很强,因此环境样品中甲基汞的准确测定具有重要意义。文章对近年来环境样品中甲基汞的提取与富集技术及分析测定方法进行了归纳和总结。系统介绍了酸/碱提取、微波/超声辅助提取等样品前处理方法及其溶剂萃取等富集方法。通过比较分析,总结了不同环境样品适用的前处理方法。同时,对各色谱-质谱/光谱联用方法在甲基汞测定时的应用进行了归纳和比较。全自动形态汞/总汞分析仪(MERX)将环境样品中甲基汞的富集与分析有机结合,实现了环境样品中甲基汞的富集和分离与定量分析的一体化,提高了分析效率,是值得推荐的方法。     

基于蒙德法的固体火箭发动机水射流清理系统安全评价

安全性是固体火箭发动机水射流清理系统的第一要求。本文针对这一要求,采用蒙德火灾、爆炸、毒性指数评价法对固体火箭发动机水射流清理系统的4个单元进行了定量安全评价,得出了各单元的危险等级,并分析了水射流清理安全中的薄弱环节,进而提出了相应的安全措施,以为固体火箭发动机水射流清理系统的安全运行提供科学指导。     

大气颗粒物来源解析

内涵解析何谓大气颗粒物来源解析?大气颗粒物来源解析是指通过化学、物理学、数学等方法定性或定量识别环境受体中大气颗粒物污染的来源。这是一项长期复杂且系统的技术性工作,涉及多种技术方法、模型选择、样品采集与分析、化学成分谱的科学构建、模拟运算以及解析结果评估与应用等,是科学、有效开展颗粒物污染防治工作的基础和前     

青冰滩冰川水文特征初步分析

通过对青冰滩冰川的综合考察,对该地区2008-08-01日至08-31日的水文、气象以及水环境进行了连续观测。结果表明:冰川表面大量覆盖冰碛增加了冰川表面的反射率,加速了冰川消融;整个8月日均气温在8℃以下,气温的日较差较大,冰川消融期的降水以降雪和冰雹为主;冰川融水的电导率和溶解性固体相关系数可达0.98,两者与气温的相关度也可达到0.8以上。     

砷环境试样的处理及其测定

本文详细地介绍了含砷试样的处理方法,及测定时应注意的几个问题。