泡沫镍负载La3+-TiO2催化剂对苯的可见光降解

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂La³⁺的TiO₂（La³⁺-TiO₂），并负载于泡沫镍上，制得泡沫镍负载La³⁺-TiO₂催化剂。采用XRD、DSC、荧光发射光谱以及SEM方法进行了表征分析。研究了泡沫镍负载La³⁺-TiO₂催化剂在可见光下对苯的降解效果，并对苯的光催化降解动力学特性进行了分析。实验结果表明：在最佳焙烧温度和焙烧时间分别为400 ℃和1 h的条件下，La³⁺-TiO₂的晶相主要为锐钛矿型；负载后，La³⁺-TiO₂颗粒填充于泡沫镍的空洞中，比表面积增加，光催化活性得以提高；在不同初始苯质量浓度和催化剂使用次数条件下，苯的降解率不同，最高可达92.9 %；光催化降解过程遵循拟一级动力学规律。     

阴-阳离子有机膨润土制备及其对铅离子的吸附

用十八烷基三甲基溴化铵（STAB）和十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）共同改性膨润土制备阴．阳离子有机膨润土，并用红外光谱分析法、热分析法和X粉晶衍射分析进行了表征；考察了阴-阳离子有机膨润土对铅离子的吸附性能。结果表明，用0．5CEC（cationexchangecapacity）十八烷基三甲基溴化铵和0．4CEC十二烷基苯磺酸钠改性的膨润土吸附铅的效果最佳；阴-阳离子有机膨润土吸附铅离子的能力比改性前明显增加，达到吸附平衡所需要的时间缩短；pH值强烈影响有机膨润土对铅离子吸附；有机膨润土对铅离子等温吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附模型；吸附热力学分析表明该吸附是一个放热过程，降低温度有利于铅离子的吸附。     

Environmental and lifestyle factors affect benzene uptake biomonitoring of residents near a petrochemical plant

Background

We monitored urinary benzene excretion to examine factors affecting benzene uptake in a sample of the general population living near a petrochemical plant.

Methods

Our study population included 143 subjects: 33 petrochemical plant workers (W) with low level occupational benzene exposure; 30 residents in a small town 2 km from the plant (2kmR); 26 residents in a second small town located 2 to 4 km from the plant (4kmR); and 54 urban residents 25 km from the plant (25kmR). Exposure to benzene was evaluated by personal air sampling during one work-shift for the W group, and from 8.00 to 20:00 for general population subgroups, and by urinary benzene (BEN-U).

Results

Median airborne benzene exposure was 25, 9, 7 and 6 μg/m³ benzene among the W, 2kmR, 4kmR, and 25kmR subgroups, respectively; the highest level was found among the workers, while there was no significant difference among the other groups. Median BEN-U was 2 to 14-fold higher in smokers compared to non-smokers; among non-smokers BEN-U was the highest in W (median 236 ng/L), and lower in the 2kmR (48 ng/L) and 4kmR (63 ng/L) subgroups than in the 25kmR (120 ng/L) subgroup. A multiple linear regression analysis, explaining up to 73% of BEN-U variability, confirmed that active smoking and airborne benzene most strongly affected BEN-U. Among the non-smoking, non-occupationally exposed study subjects, a positive association was found between BEN-U and the distance of residence from the plant. This association was explained by increased exposure to urban traffic emissions in the study group residing at a greater distance from the plant. Environmental tobacco smoke had a marginally positive role.

Conclusion

Among factors affecting benzene uptake in non-occupationally exposed individuals, urban residence contributes to benzene exposure more than residing in close proximity to a petrochemical plant.     

土壤中苯向大气挥发过程的影响因素和通量特征研究

采用通量箱(30.0 cm×17.5 cm×29.0 cm)研究砂土与黑土中苯挥发过程中的影响因素和通量变化特征.通过模拟不同空气流速、不同温度,并设定土壤类型、土壤含水量、初始浓度等条件,实时监测通量箱中各层土壤气相中和土壤上方空气中苯的浓度,来分析不同条件下苯的挥发特征.结果表明,砂土和黑土中苯的挥发通量分别随着土壤含水量的增加而降低,土壤充气空隙率相近情况下,苯在砂土中的挥发通量明显高于黑土.空气流速在300~900 mL·min-1范围内,砂土中苯挥发通量随空气流速升高而加大;在20~40℃范围内对黑土的试验结果表明,苯挥发强度受温度影响显著.苯挥发通量与土壤中苯浓度呈线性相关,其可根据土壤中苯初始浓度和水溶出浓度进行预测.     

中国住宅室内BTEX浓度水平及其影响因素

2016年12月～2017年12月在全国5个气候区的223户民用住宅中进行不同季节入户,对空气中污染物采样,并对苯系物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯和乙苯)浓度进行分析.苯、甲苯、二甲苯和乙苯的算术平均浓度分别为6. 78、17. 4、17. 68和9. 87μg·m~(-3).相比其他国家室内苯系物浓度,中国室内苯系物浓度稍高;我国相关标准对于室内苯系物浓度的标准限值远高于其他国家和组织的标准限值.在众多影响室内苯系物浓度的因素中,主要分析了装修完工时间、吸烟和做饭频率与苯系物浓度的相关性.结果表明,室内苯系物浓度仅在装修后2 a内有明显地降低;与装修完工时间呈不显著的负相关关系;装修程度一致时,吸烟和不吸烟家庭中室内苯系物浓度无显著性差异,但吸烟时散发的苯可能更易于以三手烟的形式存在室内,长期室内苯的贡献率大于甲苯;做饭时产生的挥发性有机物主要是烷烃和醛酮类,而房间中苯系物浓度与做饭频率的相关性不大.     

排板式介质阻挡放电等离子体降解苯的研究

考察了自制排板式等离子发生器对不同进气条件(进气浓度、进气流量和进气湿度)下含苯气的降解效果。结果表明,苯降解率随进气浓度和进气流量的提高而降低,但在高进气浓度和高进气流量下,苯降解率仍保持在50%以上。苯降解率在进气湿度约30%时达到最大值,过低和过高的进气湿度都不利于苯的降解。采用多级串联可提高等离子发生器对高进气浓度和高进气流量的适应能力,4级串联较单级时的苯降解率最高可提高39%。排板式等离子体发生器可作为未来等离子体发生器工业化的重点研发对象。     

生物质炭对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定作用机理

不同来源生物质炭表面和理化性质差别很大,对沉积物中有机污染物的吸附固定不同.以3种不同来源生物质炭（椰壳粉末、草木灰和聊城电厂灰）为研究对象,应用被动采样技术监测治理过程中污染物浓度的变化,揭示生物质炭理化性质及其与吸附固定效果之间的关系.结果表明:①3种生物质炭粒径相差不大,但椰克粉末的BET比表面积比草木灰和聊城电厂灰高2个数量级,孔隙结构发达.②吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的静态模拟试验结果显示,椰克粉末对3类有机物（多环芳烃、苯系物和酞酸酯）的吸附固定作用均很强,投加10个月,沉积物孔隙水中3类有机物的质量浓度降低92.7%以上,与其属于非极性吸附剂、BET比表面积大、孔隙结构发达有关;草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用较弱,分别为62.5%和59.6%,与其表面积小、孔隙结构不发达有关.③生物质炭吸附固定沉积物中有机污染物的动力学研究结果显示,草木灰和聊城电厂灰对酞酸酯的吸附固定作用能很快达到平衡,也与其BET比表面积小、孔隙结构不发达相关.研究显示,生物质炭的理化性质（如BET比表面积、孔隙结构等）是影响有机物污染沉积物治理效果的主要因素.      

苯水相光氧化反应形成二次有机气溶胶的实验研究

来源于机动车尾气的苯能溶于大气水滴、云雾等水相中并发生水相光氧化反应,在水分蒸发后,产物保留在颗粒相中形成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)粒子.本文采用雾化器将羟基启动苯水相光氧化反应溶液雾化产生气溶胶粒子,通过扩散干燥管除去水蒸气后产生SOA粒子,采用气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱仪进行在线检测,利用紫外可见吸收光谱仪、红外光谱仪和液相色谱串联质谱仪离线测量SOA的化学组分.实验结果表明,激光解吸附质谱中存在醛类(m/z=29(CHO~+)、57(CHOCO~+))、羧酸(m/z=44(COO~+))和苯环(m/z=39(C_3H~+_3)、65(C_5H~-_5))特征裂解碎片峰.SOA粒子的红外光谱图中存在苯环C—H和C=C双键,以及C=O双键、C—O、O—H和C—O—C键的伸缩振动吸收峰,电喷雾电离质谱中存在m/z高达915的离子峰.这表明醛类、羧酸、酚类、芳香醚类产物和酚类产物发生聚合形成的高分子量化合物是SOA粒子的主要化学组分.这为研究人为源挥发性有机化合物水相反应形成SOA的机理提供了实验依据.     

MoS2/g-C3N4纳米纤维光催化降解柴油机苯系排放污染物

采用同轴静电纺丝法制备了MoS_2/g-C_3N_4纳米纤维,采用XRD、FTIR、XPS、UV-Vis和Raman等光谱分析技术表征了催化剂相组成和微观形貌,评价了催化剂表面化学形态和吸光特性,探讨了催化剂对甲苯的光催化降解机理,研究了MoS_2含量、光源条件、温度和催化稳定性对降解甲苯的影响规律.结果表明,在MoS_2/g-C_3N_4中掺杂适宜的MoS_2有助于提高催化剂活性,改善催化剂比表面积和孔容积.在可见光条件下,催化剂(10%MoS_2)对甲苯的降解率为90.24%.由汽车尾气中苯系污染物光催化降解应用可知,在柴油机转速为2000 r·min~(-1),油门开度(负荷)分别为25%、50%、75%和100%的条件下,10%MoS_2对苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯和邻二甲苯的平均降解率分别为88.12%、90.03%、86.25%、87.12%、87.07%和87.23%,表明MoS_2/g-C_3N_4纳米纤维具有较强的光催化降解苯系物能力.     

Anaerobic BTEX degradation in soil bioaugmented with mixed consortia under nitrate reducing conditions

Different concentrations of BTEX, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers, were added into soil samples to investigate the anaerobic degradation potential by the augmented BTEX-adapted consortia under niwate reducing conditiom. All the BTEX substrates could be anaerobically biodegraded to non-detectable levels within 70 d when the initial concentrations were below 100 mg/kg in soil. Toluene was degraded faster than any other BTEX compounds, and the high-to-low order ofdegradation rates were toluene>ethylbenzene>m. xylene>o-xylene>benzene>P. xylene. Nitrite was accumulated with nitrate reduction. but the accumulation of nitrite had no inhibitory effect on the degradation of BTEX throughout the whole incubation. Indigenous bacteria in tIle soil could enhance the BTEX biodegradation ability of the enriched mixed bacteria. When the six BTEX compounds were simultaneously present in soil, there was no apparent inhibitory effect on their degradation with lower initial concentrations. Alternatively, benzene, o-xylene, and P-xylene degradation were inhibited with higher initial concentrations of 300 mg/kg. Higher BTEX biodegradation rates were observed in soil samples with the addition of sodium acetate compared to the presence of a single BTEX substrate. and the hypothesis of primary-substrate stimulation or cometabolic enhancement of BTEX biodegradation seems likely.