Tolerance of Chrysantemum maximum to heavy metals: The potential for its use in the revegetation of tailings heaps

To find if ornamental plants are applicable to the remediation of metal-polluted areas, the tolerance of chrysanthemum plants (Chysanthemum maximum) var. Shasta to different metals under hydroponic conditions was studied. Their responses as influenced by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann & Trappe BEG25 on substrates containing mine residues were also investigated. Our results showed that chrysanthemum is a metal-tolerant plant under hydroponic conditions, plants behaving as Pb-excluders, whereas Cd, Cu and Ni were accumulated in roots. Low accumulation in flowers was observed for Cd and Cu but it was concentration-dependent. Ni and Pb were not translocated to flowers. Shoot biomass was not significantly affected by the different rates of mine residue addition for both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants accumulated less Pb and Cu in both shoots and roots than non-mycorrhizal plants. Chysanthemum could be a prospective plant for revegetation of tailings and the use of inoculation may decrease plant metal accumulation in polluted soils.     

Effect of Earthworm(Pheretima sp.) Density on Revegetation of Lead/zinc Metal Mine Tailings Amended with Soil

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of earthworm density on the availability of nutrients and heavy metals in metal contaminated soils. Pb/Zn mine tailings were mixed throughly with a red yellow podzolic soil at the ratio (w/w) of 75:25. Earthworms (Pheretima sp.) were introduced to the mixture at four different densities, zero, three, six and nine individuals per pot planted with ryegrass (Loliun multiflorum). The results indicated that earthworm activity significantly enhanced ryegrass shoot biomass. However, as denser earthworm population was introduced, shoot biomass tended to decrease. Earthworm activity significantly increased soil pH and availability of N, P and K in the tailings and soil mixture. There was a general tendency that uptake of Zn by ryegrass increased after earthworm inoculation, although the increase in extractable Zn in tailings and soil mixture was not significant. On the contrary, there seemed to be a lower uptake of Pb by ryegrass under earthworm inoclation, despite the fact that higher extractable Pb concentrations were observed. The present project indicated that the improved growth of ryegrass was due to improved nutrient availability and other soil conditions, by inoculation of earthworms at an appropriate rate. Further studies are needed to illustrate the relationship between metal availability and earthworm activity in the field.     

广东大宝山多金属污染排土场耐性植物与改良剂稳定修复研究

通过在广东大宝山多金属污染排土场种植重金属耐性作物红麻、苎麻,辅以石灰+有机肥、石灰+生物炭的土壤改良,研究不同植物稳定修复模式下植物的生长状况、土壤pH与重金属含量、径流液产生与理化性质的变化情况.结果表明:改良剂处理有效促进红麻、苎麻生长,提高株高、根长和生物量,有助于排土场土壤的植被恢复.石灰与有机肥、生物炭的施加可以改善土壤酸性环境,将土壤pH由酸性显著提高至中性,降低土壤重金属生物有效性,且生物炭的作用更显著;随着红麻、苎麻稳定修复时间的增加,土壤重金属有效态含量呈一定程度下降趋势.植物的定植和土壤改良还可以减少地表径流的产生;提高径流液pH,但pH会随着修复时间的增加而下降;径流液中溶解态和悬浮态重金属含量均在植物稳定修复过程中得到降低,土壤中重金属污染物的扩散迁移得到有效控制.     

Effect of Earthworm（Pheretima sp.） Density on Revegetation of Lead/zinc Metal Mine Tailings Amended with Soil

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of earthworm density on the availability of nutrients and heavy metals in metal contaminated soils. Pb/Zn mine tailings were mixed throughly with a red yellow podzolic soil at the ratio （w/w） of 75：25. Earthworms （Pheretima sp.） were introduced to the mixture at four different densities, zero, three, six and nine individuals per pot planted with ryegrass （Loliun multiflorum）. The results indicated that earthworm activity significantly enhanced ryegrass shoot biomass. However, as denser earthworm population was introduced, shoot biomass tended to decrease. Earthworm activity significantly increased soil pH and availability of N, P and K in the tailings and soil mixture. There was a general tendency that uptake of Zn by ryegrass increased after earthworm inoculation, although the increase in extractable Zn in tailings and soil mixture was not significant. On the contrary, there seemed to be a lower uptake of Pb by ryegrass under earthworm inoclation, despite the fact that higher extractable Pb concentrations were observed. The present project indicated that the improved growth of ryegrass was due to improved nutrient availability and other soil conditions, by inoculation of earthworms at an appropriate rate. Further studies are needed to illustrate the relationship between metal availability and earthworm activity in the field.     

印度芥菜和香根草对Pb污染土壤的修复效能及作用途径

为探究印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)和香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)对Pb污染土壤的修复效能和作用途径,采用Pb污染土壤〔w(Pb)为400~2 000 mg/kg〕进行为期30 d的盆栽试验,分析植物对Pb的耐受性、积累能力和固定效果.结果表明:① 印度芥菜和香根草对Pb的积累主要集中在根部,两种植物根部累积的w(Pb)分别为206.62~902.40和288.42~1 102.47 mg/kg,单株植物的Pb积累量分别为70.75~138.31和99.09~220.49 μg,香根草对Pb污染土壤的修复效能高于印度芥菜. ② 印度芥菜和香根草对Pb的去除率随土壤中w(Pb)的增加而降低,对Pb的固定率则随土壤中w(Pb)的增加而增加,二者对Pb的去除率最大值分别为1.02%和1.78%,对Pb的固定率可达11.22%和16.78%,两种植物对Pb污染土壤修复的主要途径为植物固定. ③ 主成分分析表明,w(脯氨酸)对植物Pb积累过程具有重要作用.研究显示,相比于印度芥菜,香根草更适用于Pb污染土壤的植物修复.      

丛枝菌根-植物修复重金属污染土壤研究中的热点

随着菌根研究和植物修复技术的发展,利用丛枝菌根强化重金属污染土壤的植物修复逐渐受到人们的重视。本文系统综述了当前的几个研究热点:(1)菌根植物吸收和转运重金属的分子机制;(2)AM真菌对超富集植物重金属吸收的影响及其机制;(3)AM真菌对转基因植物重金属吸收的影响及其机制;(4)AM真菌与其他土壤生物在植物修复中的复合作用;(5)丛枝菌根与化学螯合剂在植物修复中的复合作用;(6)重金属复合污染土壤的丛枝菌根-植物修复;(7)放射性污染土壤的枝菌根-植物修复;(8)丛枝菌根-植物修复的田间试验研究。在未来的丛枝菌根-植物修复研究中,要筛选优良的宿主植物和与之高效共生的AM真菌,加强相关理论和应用基础研究,并构建高效基因工程菌。     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

矿区重金属污染土壤的植物修复

近年来，重金属污染环境的问题引起人们的广泛关注，其中矿业活动是环境中重金属的最主要来源。植物修复技术具有物理、化学修复方法所无法比拟的费用低廉、不破坏场地结构、不造成地下水的二次污染等优点。可起到美化环境的作用，因此易于被社会所接受，是一项很有发展前途的修复技术。本文从植物稳定、植物提取和植物-微生物以及动物的协同修复等三个方面简要介绍了矿区污染土壤植物修复的研究进展。     

Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings

Screening plants that are hypertolerant to and excluders of certain heavy metals plays a fundamental role in a remediation strategy for metalliferous mine tailings. A field survey of terrestrial higher plants growing on Mn mine tailings at Huayuan, Hunan Province, China was conducted to identify candidate species for application in phytostabilization of the tailings in this region. In total, 51 species belonging to 21 families were recorded and the 12 dominant plants were investigated for their potential in phytostabilization of heavy metals. Eight plant species, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Artemisia princeps, Bidens frondosa, Bidens pilosa, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis, Erigeron canadensis, and Setaria plicata accumulated much lower concentrations of heavy metals in shoots and roots than the associated soils and bioconcen- tration factors （BFs） for Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn were all 〈 1, demonstrating a high tolerance to heavy metals and poor metals translocation ability. The field investigation also found that these species grew fast, accumulated biomass rapidly and developed a vegetation cover in a relatively short time. Therefore, they are good candidates for phytostabilization purposes and could be used as pioneer species in phytoremediation of Mn mine tailings in this region of South China.     

丛枝菌根对翅荚木生长及吸收累积重金属的影响

针对湖南某铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染严重问题,采用温室盆栽的方法,以该矿区污染土壤为基质,先锋植物翅荚木(Zenia insignis Chun)为宿主植物,研究摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,Gm)和根内球囊霉(G.intraradices,Gi)两种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对翅荚木生长和吸收累积重金属的影响.结果表明,重金属污染条件下,两种AM真菌均能与翅荚木形成良好的共生关系,且AM真菌能够显著促进植物吸收磷,增加植物生物量,同时改变植物重金属吸收及分配.总体来说,AM降低了翅荚木体内Fe、Cu、Zn和Pd浓度,同时增加了Fe、Cu、Zn和Pd累积量.而两种AM真菌对植物体内重金属分配影响并不相同,而且受重金属种类影响,接种Gi降低了植物Fe、Zn和Pb的TF值,而接种Gm对植物Zn和Pb的TF值无影响,两种AM真菌对植物Cu的TF值均无影响,表明Gi具有能够强化翅荚木根系固持Fe、Zn和Pb的能力.本研究表明,AM真菌在翅荚木适应重金属污染中起着重要的积极作用,因而在重金属污染土壤的植物修复中具有极高的潜在应用价值,但在具体应用中需考虑菌种和植物组合及重金属类型等因素.