响应面法优化黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾饲养条件的研究

研究了黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾的方法.首先在饲养温度、饲料含水量和饲养密度等条件下进行单因素实验,然后,以利用率为指标,运用响应面法优化了黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾的饲养条件,结果表明,最佳饲养条件为饲养温度26.7℃、饲料含水量14.5％、饲养密度4.1头/cm2.在此饲养条件下,黄粉虫对餐厨垃圾利用率理论值为38.72％,实际餐厨垃圾利用率为38.88％,相对误差为0.41％,说明利用黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾具有较好的效果.     

氯苯和间甲酚对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼联合毒理效应研究

方法:采用斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育技术,分别用不同浓度的氯苯和间甲酚混合液对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼进行暴露试验。结果:两种受试物联合对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育表现不同的联合毒性。0hpf染毒主要表现为:对24 h胚胎尾部延展为拮抗作用,48 h水肿、72 h孵化和畸形均为协同作用;48 h对仔鱼毒性为由相加作用向拮抗作用的转变,在24 h、72 h和96 h联合毒性均为协同作用。结论:氯苯和间甲酚联合作用对斑马鱼胚胎和仔鱼存在毒性。     

上海松江泖港地区蟹种养殖对水质的影响

为了探究河蟹蟹种养殖模式对水环境的影响,于2012年6-10月,对上海松江泖港地区蟹种池塘和水源的水质进行了监测.结果表明,在整个养殖周期中,蟹种池CODMn不断增长,水源水的变化趋势为先增后减.在多数时段,水源水亚硝酸盐质量浓度高于蟹种池,但6月26日蟹种池反而显著高于水源水(p＜0.05).在整个监测过程中,水源水硝酸盐质量浓度均显著高于蟹种养殖池(p＜0.05).养殖前期,水源水磷酸盐质量浓度高于蟹种池;养殖后期蟹种池高于水源水,但均无显著差异(p＞0.05).台风过境后,水源水氨氮质量浓度达2.21 mg/L,磷酸盐质量浓度达0.467 mg/L,表明农田化肥水和地表径流可能是导致水源水体富营养化的重要原因.     

Latent effects of early life stage exposure to triclosan on survival in fathead minnows,Pimephales promelas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early life stage triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4, dichlorophenoxy)phenol, TCS) exposure on hatching, development, and survival in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Embryonic minnows were exposed to TCS (50 and 100 µg L^?1) for 10 days followed by 6 weeks depuration. Mortality and morphological deformities were recorded and quantified during exposure and at the end of depuration. No significant effects on embryonic survival, time to reach the eyed stage, or hatching were found. However, at the conclusion of the depuration period, survival was significantly reduced in TCS exposed fish depending on the concentration. Visual inspection of the exposed fish suggests that mortality is related to spinal deformities, emaciation, and reduced foraging ability. Triclosan exhibits deleterious effects in fish at lower concentrations over longer durations than previously reported. Further, mortality in exposed fish 6 weeks after exposure demonstrates the need for various exposure assays to evaluate effects of TCS.     

双酚A及其类似物对斑马鱼胚胎及幼鱼的毒性效应

为探讨双酚A及其类似物对鱼类早期生长发育的毒性效应,研究了双酚A及其7种类似物对斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼的毒性效应。通过对胚胎的孵化率、心率、仔鱼体长等指标进行测定分析,结果显示:(1)双酚A及其7种类似物都可使斑马鱼胚胎出现心包水肿、卵黄囊肿、脊柱弯曲和尾部弯曲等症状。(2)综合考虑斑马鱼78 hpf胚胎心率、120 hpf胚胎孵化率及7 dpf仔鱼体长抑制率等指标,8种受试物中双酚P(BPP)的毒性最大,其次是双酚AP(BPAP)、双酚AF(BPAF)、双酚Z(BPZ),然后是双酚A(BPA)、双酚B(BPB)、双酚F(BPF),双酚S(BPS)的毒性最小,每种受试物的浓度与受精卵的孵化率、仔鱼心率呈明显负相关关系,与体长抑制率呈明显正相关关系。8种受试物毒性与辛醇-水分配系数(log K_(OW))呈正相关关系,log K_(OW)越大毒性则越大。     

Dispersal connectivity and reserve selection for marine conservation

Although larval dispersal is crucial for the persistence of most marine populations, dispersal connectivity between sites is rarely considered in designing marine protected area networks. In particular the role of structural characteristics (known as topology) for the network of larval dispersal routes in the conservation of metapopulations has not been addressed. To determine reserve site configurations that provide highest persistence values with respect to their connectivity characteristics, we model nine connectivity topological models derived from graph theory in a demographic metapopulation model. We identify reserve site configurations that provide the highest persistence values for each of the metapopulation connectivity models. Except for the minimally connected and fully connected populations, we observed two general ‘rules of thumb’ for optimising the mean life time for all topological models: firstly place the majority of reserves, so that they are neighbours of each other, on the sites where the number of connections between the populations is highest (hub), secondly when the reserves have occupied the majority of the vertices in the hub, then select another area of high connectivity and repeat. If there are no suitable hubs remaining then distribute the remaining reserves to isolated locations optimising contact with non-reserved sites.     

高锰酸盐复合药剂预氧化对摇蚊幼虫DBPsFP的去除控制研究

以花翅摇蚊幼虫为试验对象,研究高锰酸盐复合药剂预氧化对摇蚊幼虫代谢产物在氯化消毒过程中消毒副产物前体物的去除控制.研究表明:在p H由5升高到9时,三氯乙酸(TCAA)与二氯乙酸(DCAA)的浓度呈逐渐减少趋势;p H由5升高到7时,三氯甲烷(TCM)和三氯乙腈(TCAN)的浓度减幅最大,1,1-二氯丙酮(1,1-DCP)和1,1,1-三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)则在p H为8时浓度达到最低值;随着药剂投加量的增加,TCM呈现出持续稳定增长趋势,DCAA呈总体下降趋势,而TCAN、1,1-DCP、1,1,1-TCP和TCAA则先增加后减少,高锰酸盐的投加量为3mg·L-1时,消毒副产物去除效果显著;延长预反应时间,TCM呈总体上升趋势,1,1-DCP、DCAA、TCAA呈下降趋势,TCAN、1,1,1-TCP呈先增加后减少的趋势,综合考虑最佳预氧化时间为30 min;投加混凝剂能够有效控制消毒副产物前体物的生成,随着混凝剂的不断增加,TCM、1,1,1-TCP呈先增加后减少的趋势,TCAN、1,1-DCP、DCAA、TCAA浓度则逐渐降低,在投量为40 mg·L-1时,达到最低值.     

长江干流不同江段鱼卵及仔鱼漂流特征昼夜变化的初步分析

根据2007~2009年在长江干流的泸州、珞璜、宜都、武穴4个江段分别采集的数据，对这些江段鱼卵及仔鱼漂流特征的昼夜变化规律进行初步分析。结果显示，长江上游泸州江段和珞璜江段鱼卵及仔鱼昼夜漂流密度有一定差异，但不显著；长江中游宜都江段，鱼卵漂流密度在昼夜时间上有显著性差异（〖WTBX〗n=38，p〖WTBZ〗=000），表现为6〖DK〗∶00的平均漂流密度13.02 ind./100 m3明显大于18〖DK〗∶00的密度3.28 ind./100 m3，仔鱼夜间漂流密度明显大于白天，于22〖DK〗∶00达到高峰值；武穴江段仔鱼漂流密度在昼夜时间上有显著性差异（〖WTBX〗n=62，p〖WTBZ〗=000），8〖DK〗∶00的平均漂流密8621 ind./100 m3明显大于18〖DK〗∶00的密度4485 ind./100 m3。不同物种的鱼卵及仔鱼漂流密度亦呈现出一定的昼夜差异，宜都江段贝氏〖FK（W*5/5。1〗〖PS黎明政造字2.EPS；%84%84,BP〗〖FK)〗，草鱼和银鲴鱼卵主要分布在白天，鳙、鲢等种类分布在夜间；另外，鳙、银鮈、铜鱼和翘嘴鲌等多数种类的仔鱼仅在夜间有分布，而飘鱼属的种类主要分布在白天。通过采集到鱼卵发育期推算，四大家鱼、贝氏〖FK（W*5/5。1〗〖PS黎明政造字2.EPS；%84%84,BP〗〖FK)〗、银鲴和翘嘴鲌的繁殖时间主要集中在夜间，而花斑副沙鳅和鳊全天均有繁殖     

Toxicological effect of MPA-CdSe QDs exposure on zebrafish embryo and larvae

Cadmium selenium (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals that hold wide range of applications and substantial production volumes. Due to unique composition and nanoscale properties, their potential toxicity to aquatic organisms has increasingly gained a great amount of interest. However, the impact of CdSe QDs exposure on zebrafish embryo and larvae remains almost unknown. Therefore, the lab study was performed to determine the developmental and behavioral toxicities to zebrafish under continuous exposure to low level CdSe QDs (0.05-31.25 mg L⁻¹) coated with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). The results showed MPA-CdSe exposure from embryo to larvae stage affected overall fitness. Our findings for the first time revealed that: (1) The 120 h LC₅₀ of MPA-CdSe for zebrafish was 1.98 mg L⁻¹; (2) embryos exposed to MPA-CdSe resulted in malformations incidence and lower hatch rate; (3) abnormal vascular of FLI-1 transgenic zebrafish larvae appeared after exposure to MPA-CdSe including vascular junction, bifurcation, crossing and particle appearance; (4) larvae behavior assessment showed during MPA-CdSe exposure a rapid transition from light-to-dark elicited a similar, brief burst and a higher basal swimming rate; (5) MPA-CdSe induced embryos cell apoptosis in the head and tail region. Results of the observations provide a basic understanding of MPA-CdSe toxicity to aquatic organisms and suggest the need for additional research to identify the toxicological mechanism.     

二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫的毒效试验及影响因素

以水厂原水为试验水样,研究了二氧化氯对摇蚊不同龄期幼虫的毒性效果（24 h）,并考察了温度和接触时间对二氧化氯毒性效果的影响.结果表明,二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫具有极为显著的毒性作用,25℃时二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的24h半致死浓度（LC₅₀）为0 .41 mg/L.二氧化氯对摇蚊幼虫的毒力随幼虫龄期的增长而降低,1龄幼虫对二氧化氯最敏感,其中二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的LC₅₀是1龄幼虫的1 .78倍.二氧化氯的毒力在一定范围内符合正温度系数规律,二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的毒力在15～30℃范围内增加了2 .16倍.接触时间从12 h延长至24 h,二氧化氯对4龄幼虫的毒力增幅显著;当接触时间至36 h,与接触24 h相比毒力增幅不明显.