《Ambio》专刊<酸化水体的生物恢复--北方湖泊恢复研究>前言

20世纪70和80年代,"酸雨"成为一个主要公共政策问题.在加拿大和北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛的酸化水体中,生物群落及生境遭到频繁破坏,诸如土著鲑鱼和鳟鱼种群受损乃至灭绝的现象屡见不鲜.     

Towards a model of safety climate measurement.

In this study, a survey instrument was developed to measure safety climate. A review of the scientific literature as well as consultation with an expert panel was used to determine the survey's dimensions. Next, the survey was administered, first as a pilot study (n = 15) and then as a full scale study (n = 229), to employees of the City of Cincinnati Department of Public Works. The psychometric integrity of the survey was assessed according to validity, reliability and utility criteria. Results are presented and discussed.     

Analysis of uncertainty consideration in environmental assessment: an empirical study of Canadian EA practice

Identifying and communicating uncertainty is core to effective environmental assessment (EA). This study evaluates the extent to which uncertainties are considered and addressed in Canadian EA practice. We reviewed the environmental protection plans, follow-up programs, and panel reports (where applicable) of 12 EAs between 1995 and 2012. The types of uncertainties and levels of disclosure varied greatly. When uncertainties were acknowledged, practitioners adopted five different approaches to address them. However, uncertainties were never discussed or addressed in depth. We found a lack of suitable terminology and consistency in how uncertainties are disclosed, reflecting the need for explicit guidance, and we present recommendations for improvement. Canadian Environmental Impact Statements are not as transparent with respect to uncertainties as they should be, and uncertainties in EA need to be better considered and communicated.     

Muskox status,recent variation,and uncertain future

Ambio - Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) are an integral component of Arctic biodiversity. Given low genetic diversity, their ability to respond to future and rapid Arctic change is unknown, although...     

Hassles on the job: a study of a job intervention with urban bus drivers

Epidemiological, psychophysiological and survey data all converge on the conclusion that driving a bus in an urban area is extremely stressful, posing serious health risks. We show that reductions in job hassles while operating buses largely account for the salutary effects of a job environment intervention designed to lessen traffic congestion, diminish passenger demands on drivers, and generally ease bus operation. This study also makes methodological contributions to the stress and health literature. Independent observers' assessments of changes in job hassles caused by a field intervention predict, in a longitudinal design, multimethodological markers of stress including blood pressure, heart rate, and a standardized self‐report index of stress. The value of utilizing job re‐design studies to more rigorously investigate stress and health is discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evidence of biological recovery in acid-stressed lakes near Sudbury, Canada

Reductions in the emissions of SO2 and trace metals from the Sudbury smelters have resulted in substantial improvements in water quality in many surrounding lakes. Significant biological changes have accompanied the chemical improvements. Evidence of relatively rapid recovery was found for benthic filamentous algae, phytoplankton, zooplankton, mobile species of benthic invertebrates, and some fish populations. Organisms with low dispersal ability (e.g. Hyalella azteca) have not yet recolonized these lakes. The partial recovery observed to date shows movement toward re-establishment of biological communities typical of natural Precambrian Shield lakes in this area. These findings offer strong support for further efforts to reduce industrial emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere.     

瑞典区域气候模拟计划(SWECLIM)综述

瑞典区域气候模拟计划(SWECLIM)是一个历时6年半的国家研究网络计划,该研究网络主要涉及区域气候模拟、区域气候变化预测以及水文影响评估,并且为广大的利益相关人士提供相应信息.大部分研究活动主要针对北欧区域气候系统.最终促使建立一个先进的大气-海洋-水文相耦合的区域气候模型系统和一套区域气候变化预测体系,并促成了相关数据的积累和相关过程研究的进步.反过来,作为对不同社会部门影响分析的一个起点,这些也可以用来作为信息源和为教育服务,而且还为国际气候研究做出了贡献.     

利用修复试验了解在酸化压力下的鱼类种群的恢复动态

我们的生态修复试验涉及放养两种本地的游钓鱼品种湖鳟(Salvelinus namaycush)和小口黑鲈(Micropterus dolomieu),结合最近的鱼类群落调查,研究了加拿大安大略省萨德伯里和基拉尼附近酸化湖泊中的鱼类种群的恢复动态.在两个品种之间,种群恢复率有差异.在品种丰富的湖泊中引进的湖鳟恢复得慢,其生长显得较慢、存活率较低和群体补充延迟.相反,小口黑鲈能在品种丰富的湖泊里迅速繁殖.随着水质的恢复和放养鱼开始产卵,小口黑鲈的自然补充群体的生物量在5年之内增加到了参考湖泊的水平,而湖鳟的自然补充群体的生物量在水质恢复和成鱼产卵后5～15年内仍然停留在参考湖泊的水平以下.我们记录到游钓者把小口黑鲈引进了受酸化损害的湖鳟湖泊,包括一些酸化前没有黑鲈的湖泊.能改变食物网结构和降低冷水性鱼类湖鳟生长的温水性鱼类黑鲈分布区的扩张表明,气候变暖再加上品种引进有可能大大改变酸化湖泊的生物恢复端点.     

Effects of Regional Reductions in Sulphur Deposition on the Chemical and Biological Recovery of Lakes within Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada

The lakes in KillarneyProvincial Park, located 40–60 km southwest ofSudbury, Ontario, were some of the first lakesin North America to be acidified by atmosphericpollutants. Acidification affected thousandsof fish and invertebrate populations in dozensof lakes. Since the 1970's, water quality hasimproved in response to atmospheric pollutionreductions and some lakes have alreadyrecovered to approximately their pre-industrialpH levels, as inferred from diatom microfossilsin lake sediments. Since the 1970's, fishspecies richness has not changed substantially,but zooplankton species richness has increasedin acidified lakes. The critical sulphur load,the amount of SO₂-derived acid depositionthat can occur while still maintaining suitable water quality, was estimated to beexceeded in 38% of the park area in 1997. Depending on which of four possible NorthAmerican emission control scenarios (CLR =currently legislated reduction; CLR + 25%; CLR+ 50%; CLR + 75%) is achieved by 2010, theprojected critical loads will be exceeded inabout 0-30% of the park area in the future. There are many factors that can affectbiological recovery rates of damaged lakes, butit is expected that biological recovery willlag considerably behind observed chemicalrecovery rates.     

EIA-Learning from Experience: Changes in the Quality of Environmental Impact Statements for UK Planning Projects

This paper draws on a research report recently produced (1996) by the authors for the UK Department of the Environment. The principal aim of the research was to establish clearly what changes, if any, there have been in the quality of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) since the inception of mandatory EIA in 1988, and to explain reasons for the changes. The paper provides a critique of the meaning of 'quality' in an area such as this. Quality relates both to the EIS and to the EIA process. EIS quality can be assessed against various review frameworks in a structured and systematic way; quality can also be assessed according to the perspective of the individual participant in the EIA process. The findings of both macro and micro studies of quality are discussed. The macro study uses a range of review frameworks (minimum regulatory requirements, an EU framework, and comprehensive frameworks developed by EIA academics at UK universities, including Oxford Brookes University) for a large sample of EISs. The micro study uses a structured questionnaire of the participants (local planning officers, developers, consultants and others) involved in a smaller set of detailed case studies. The findings reveal that there has been a learning from experience and an improvementin quality, but they also highlight a number of problems in the EIA process. The paper outlines some of the determinants of the changes in quality, and concludes with recommendations for developments in EIA in response to particular issues raised. These recommendations are set in the context of European Commission amendments to the EC EIA Directive.