石墨烯材料去除重金属及放射性核素的研究

石墨烯及其改性材料具有比表面积大、吸附能力强、抗辐射性能好、耐高温、耐酸碱等优点,近年来在去除重金属和放射性核素领域得到了广泛关注.本文简要介绍了石墨烯的合成及改性方法,综述了石墨烯材料去除水中重金属离子和放射性核素的研究进展,包括吸附容量、影响因素、吸附动力学、吸附热力学模型和吸附机理,分析了该研究领域目前存在的问题,探讨了今后的研究方向.     

Synergistic effect of ozonation and ionizing radiation for PVA decomposition

Ozonation and ionizing radiation are both advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) without chemical addition and secondary pollution. Also, the two processes'' efficiency is determined by different pH conditions, which creates more possibilities for their combination. Importantly, the combined process of ozonation and ionizing radiation could be suitable for treating wastewaters with extreme pH values, i.e., textile wastewater. To find synergistic effects, the combined process of ozonation and ionizing radiation mineralization was investigated for degradation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at different pH levels. A synergistic effect was found at initial pH in the range 3.0–9.4. When the initial pH was 3.0, the combined process of ozonation and ionizing radiation gave a PVA mineralization degree of 17%. This was 2.7 times the sum achieved by the two individual processes, and factors of 2.1 and 1.7 were achieved at initial pH of 7.0 and 9.4, respectively. The combined process of ozonation and ionizing radiation was demonstrated to be a feasible strategy for treatment of PVA-containing wastewater.     

不同类型透水砖对雨水径流水量的控制效果

透水铺装是目前海绵城市建设中应用较广泛的技术措施之一,对雨水径流的促渗减排发挥着重要作用。选择2种不同类型透水砖为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨实验方法,研究了降雨重现期分别为1、3、5、10 a条件下,2种不同类型透水砖对雨水径流总量控制、峰值削减和峰值延迟等方面的控制效果。结果表明:在降雨重现期小于10 a的条件下,构造透水砖和普通透水砖的场次降雨总量控制率平均值均超过95%;峰值流量均随着重现期的增加而增大,构造透水砖的峰值削减效果优于普通透水砖,平均峰值削减率提高了8.6%;构造透水砖和普通透水砖的出流延迟时间平均值分别为11.3 min和13.8 min,平均峰值延迟时间分别为6.3 min和16.3 min。构造透水砖对径流总量、峰值流量的控制效果要优于普通透水砖,因此,在透水铺装应用中,应结合项目设计目标和当地的水文地质条件,宜优先考虑采用构造透水砖铺装方式。     

Structural regulation of electroplating sludge by a metal–organic framework synthesis method for an enhanced denitrification activity

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Electroplating sludge contained multi-metals and organics. In previous reports, electroplating sludges were usually recycled by direct calcination...     

城市道路沉积物氮、磷溶出特性

国内外众多研究表明,城市不透水表面沉积物是雨水径流中污染物的重要来源。以北京市某道路沉积物为研究对象,对城市道路沉积物的粒径分布进行了分析,并通过批量实验,研究了不同粒径道路沉积物中氮、磷营养物及有机物(COD)的溶出特性。实验结果表明,粒径较大的沉积物中氮含量较高,而粒径较小的沉积物中磷含量较高;虽然TP、PO3-4、TN、NO-3、NH+4、COD的溶出浓度、溶出速率变化特征各不相同,但总体趋势是粒径越小氮、磷及COD溶出浓度和溶出速率越大,且最大溶出速率都出现在前5 min。因此,为实现对城市雨水径流污染的有效控制,应采用源头控制措施对小粒径道路沉积物和初期雨水进行有效控制。     

Treatment of coking wastewater by an advanced Fenton oxidation process using iron powder and hydrogen peroxide

In this study the treatment of coking wastewater was investigated by an advanced Fenton oxidation process using iron powder and hydrogen peroxide. Particular attention was paid to the effect of initial pH, dosage of H₂O₂ and to improvement in biodegradation. The results showed that higher COD and total phenol removal rates were achieved with a decrease in initial pH and an increase in H₂O₂ dosage. At an initial pH of less than 6.5 and H₂O₂ concentration of 0.3 M, COD removal reached 44-50% and approximately 95% of total phenol removal was achieved at a reaction time of 1 h. The oxygen uptake rate of the effluent measured at a reaction time of 1 h increased by approximately 65% compared to that of the raw coking wastewater. This indicated that biodegradation of the coking wastewater was significantly improved. Several organic compounds, including bifuran, quinoline, resorcinol and benzofuranol were removed completely as determined by GC-MS analysis. The advanced Fenton oxidation process is an effective pretreatment method for the removal of organic pollutants from coking wastewater. This process increases biodegradation, and may be combined with a classical biological process to achieve effluent of high quality.     

矸石基X型分子筛对水中Co2+、Cu2+、Cd2+和Cr3+的去除

以煤矸石为原料,采用碱熔后水热合成法制备X型分子筛并进行XRD、SEM、BET和Zeta电位分析。研究其对水中Co2+、Cu2+、Cd2+和Cr3+4种离子的吸附性能,包括吸附等温线、吸附动力学以及初始金属离子浓度、pH值对吸附性能的影响。所合成的矸石基X型分子筛的BET比表面积为676.02 m2/g,微孔孔容为0.263 cm3/g。吸附实验表明,矸石基X型分子筛能有效去除上述4种离子,同时实现煤矸石的资源化和金属离子的去除。4种离子的平衡吸附量均随初始浓度的增大而增大,相同条件下平衡吸附量的大小顺序为Cd2+>Cr3+>Cu2+>Co2+。准二级动力学模型能很好地描述4种离子的吸附动力行为。Langmuir模型对Co2+、Cu2+和Cd2+吸附的拟合较Freundlich模型高,说明其主要表现为物理吸附过程。4种离子的吸附速率均由液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制。     

京、津、冀地区地闪特征的统计分析

京、津、冀地区地闪的区域特征十分明显,利用该地区2004年的地闪的定位资料,通过分析得到以下主要结论:(1)正地闪占总闪的比率为10.86%,而各地区正地闪占总地闪的百分率与相应地闪产生地区的中心纬度之间都存在着很好的线性关系.由于与中、低纬度地区相比,高纬度地区雷暴云整体高度发展得较低,雷暴云中主正电荷区域的位置也较低,因此高纬度地区较中、低纬度地区的正地闪发生得多.(2)雷暴以7月份为最多,且7月份地闪次数的逐日分布较均匀.(3)地闪在空间分布上有4个相对较为集中的区域,这些区域主要是山地的迎风坡、或下垫面水汽的充足处、或人口相对集中的城市中心区.     

土壤渗滤对有机微污染物去除性能研究

采用土壤柱试验研究了土壤渗滤对再生水中有机微污染物的去除性能。结果表明，土壤柱对再生水中的DOC、UV₂₅₄、总氮和总磷有较好的去除效果，并具有较高的抗冲击负荷的能力；土壤表层10 cm厚度对DOC的去除起主要作用；UV₂₅₄和AOX在土壤表层10 cm厚度降解效果不明显，随着深度增加去除率逐渐升高；液相色谱有机碳探测(LC-OCD)检测结果表明，土壤柱对溶解性有机物质的去除主要体现在对多糖物质的降解上，其次是有机酸类，对腐殖质也有一定的去除作用。     

缓冲体系对厌氧发酵生物产氢的影响

为了研究碳酸盐和磷酸盐缓冲对于厌氧发酵从葡萄糖中制取H2的影响,将经过热处理的初级消化污泥接种到不同浓度碳酸盐和磷酸盐基质中进行厌氧发酵产氢实验.实验结果表明,碳酸盐和磷酸盐的缓冲对于厌氧发酵制氢有较大影响.当NaHCO3,浓度为4 g·L-1时,每1 mol葡萄糖的产氢量达到最大,最大值为1.68 mol,这比不加NaHCO3时的产氢量提高了282%.磷酸盐的浓度对于厌氧发酵产氢也有较大影响.在NaHCO3浓度为4 g·L-1,NaH2PO4·2H2O和K2HPO4·3H2O浓度均为500 mg·L-1时,葡萄糖的产氢率可达到1.94 mol·mo1-1,这比不加入磷酸盐时提高了56%.实验中产氢一般从接种后12 h开始,历时10 h左右结束,最大产氢速率可达到0.44 mol·h-1·mol-1·