烧结厂含氟烟气洗涤水处理

本文通过对烧结厂含氟烟气洗涤水进行凝聚沉淀及水质稳定试验，论述了含氟烟气洗涤水循环使用中经济合理的药剂配方及其使用条件。     

Distribution of quinolone and macrolide resistance genes and their co-occurrence with heavy metal resistance genes in vegetable soils with long-term application of manure

The spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has become an increasingly serious global public health issue. This study investigated the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of ARB and ARGs in greenhouse vegetable soils with long-term application of manure. Five typical ARGs, four heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs), and two mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The amount of ARB in manure-improved soil greatly exceeded that in control soil, and the bacterial resistance rate decreased significantly with increases in antibiotic concentrations. In addition, the resistance rate of ARB to enrofloxacin (ENR) was lower than that of tylosin (TYL). Real-time qPCR results showed that long-term application of manure enhanced the relative abundance of ARGs in vegetable soils, and the content and proportion of quinolone resistance genes were higher than those of macrolide resistance genes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that qepA and qnrS significantly correlated with total and available amounts of Cu and Zn, highlighting that certain heavy metals can influence persistence of ARGs. Integrase gene intI1 correlated significantly with the relative abundance of qepA, qnrS, and ermF, suggesting that intI1 played an important role in the horizontal transfer of ARGs. Furthermore, there was a weakly but not significantly positive correlation between specific detected MRGs and ARGs and MGEs. The results of this study enhance understanding the potential for increasing ARGs in manure-applied soil, assessing ecological risk and reducing the spread of ARGs.

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Comparison of sequential with intimate coupling of photolysis and biodegradation for benzotriazole

Benzotriazole (BTA) is an emerging contaminant that also is a recalcitrant compound. Sequential and intimate coupling of UV-photolysis with biodegradation were investigated for their impacts on BTA removal and mineralization in aerobic batch experiments. Special attention was given to the role of its main photolytic products, which were aminophenol (AP), formic acid (FA), maleic acid (MA), and phenazine (PHZ). Experiments with sequential coupling showed that BTA biodegradation was accelerated by photolytic pretreatment up to 9 min, but BTA biodegradation was slowed with longer photolysis. FA and MA accelerated BTA biodegradation by being labile electron-donor substrates, but AP and PHZ slowed the rate because of inhibition due to their competition for intracellular electron donor. Because more AP and PHZ accumulated with increasing photolysis time, their inhibitory effects began to dominate with longer photolysis time. Intimately coupling photolysis with biodegradation relieved the inhibition effect, because AP and PHZ were quickly biodegraded and did not accumulate, which accentuated the beneficial effect of FA and MA.

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Toxic effects of oxytetracycline and copper,separately or combined,on soil microbial biomasses

The production of commercial livestock and poultry often involves using with antibiotics and feed additives, such as oxytetracycline (OTC) and copper (Cu). These are often excreted into the soil by animal feces; hence, combined pollutants may contaminate the soil. To evaluate single and combined toxic effects of OTC and Cu on the soil ecology, changes in quantities of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in the soil were studied over a 28-d incubation period by a plate count method, microbes numbers counted on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Abundances of ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene expression by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) in soil samples also were tested by real-time polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) on day 21. The results revealed that the numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes and amoA genes copies of AOA and AOB were reduced seriously by exposure to Cu (1.60 mmol/kg). Similarly, the combined pollution treatments (mole ratios of OTC: Cu was 1:2, 1:8, and 1:32) also had inhibitory effect on bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes numbers and amoA gene copies of AOA and AOB; the inhibitory rate was on obvious growth trend with the increasing mole ratios. Effects from single OTC pollution were found on bacteria (days 7 and 14), fungi (days 7, 14, 21, and 28), and AOA-amoA gene copies (day 21), with promotion at a low concentration (0.05 mmol/kg) and suppression at higher concentrations (0.2 and 0.8 mmol/kg). Also, numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes decreased with longer culture times. Combining OTC and Cu led to a higher inhibition of soil microbes than when either chemical was used alone. However, there was no significant relationship between single and combined toxic chemicals because of their complicated interactions, either antagonistic or synergistic. The results also indicated the sensitivity of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes on toxic chemicals existed difference and that the AOA were more tolerant than the AOB to these chemicals.     

化工罐区危险化学品倒装作业危害分析及控制

从避免事故和保证安全生产的角度,联系实际对危险化学品倒装过程进行了危害性分析,并根据分析结果对减少事故发生的措施进行了讨论,以降低作业过程的风险.     

2013年1月中国中东部大气重污染期间上海颗粒物的污染特征

2013年1月,我国中东部地区连续遭受多场大范围、长时间、高强度的灰霾天气.期间,本研究采用在线连续观测手段测量了上海市城区大气中气态污染物、颗粒物的质量浓度、细颗粒物的化学组分等,获得了高污染过程中颗粒物的污染特征.观测结果显示,1月份期间PM₁₀、PM_2.5与PM_1.0平均浓度分别为(125±75) μg·m^-3、(82±54) μg·m^-3和(44±27) μg·m^-3,PM_2.5/PM₁₀为65.0%±13.0%,能见度小于10.0 km的累计时间长达284 h,占整月小时数的38.2%.灰霾期间大气PM_2.5中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和OM分别占PM_2.5的21.5%±4.9%、22.8%±5.9%、15.9%±3.1%和20.4%±4.3%,其中,二次组分(SNA+SOA)占PM_2.5的65.7%±8.4%,表明灰霾期间二次组分对PM_2.5的贡献较大;灰霾期间还测得较高的SOR和NOR,分别为0.335±0.121和0.229±0.066,说明SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的生成效率较高;较高的/比值(1.137±0.438)表明灰霾期间机动车的污染较明显.研究发现,随着PM_2.5质量浓度不断地增加,SNA的比例明显上升,期间NH₄⁺对SO₄^2-、NO₃^-等酸性物质的中和发挥了重要作用.研究结果显示,灰霾期间,因受低温和高浓度颗粒物的影响,上海地区的大气对有机物的氧化能力明显减弱,昼夜OC/EC值差别不大.     

鄱阳湖水及其沉积物中的重金属调查

通过１９９２年５月１６日－６月２０日，１９９３年１月７日－２月５日的平，枯水期时鄱阳湖水及其沉积物中的重金属含量调查，进行了分析与评价。结果表明，信江东支河口，乐安河口，波阳河口等，以及湖区中的龙口，棠荫，湖口等区域水中的重金属含量为全湖较大区域，鄱阳湖枯水期水中的重金属含量高于平水期，部分区域枯水期Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ含量超过渔业用水标准，河口，湖区沉积物中的Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｐｂ等含量均较高，是湖水相应背景值