Effect of pressure and atmosphere during hydrothermal treatment on the properties of sewage sludge-derived solid fuel

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Efforts to improve the performance of hydrothermal treatment (HT) in producing high-quality solid fuel from sewage sludge were carried out by...     

Analysis of metabolic changes in Trichoderma asperellum TJ01 at different fermentation time-points by LC-QQQ-MS

Trichoderma spp. are among the most widely recognized biocontrol fungi used to inhibit pathogens and promote plant growth. These functions are related to primary and secondary metabolites. This study investigated the different metabolites in Trichoderma asperellum TJ01 cultured for 24 and 72?h using liquid chromatography with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. Compared to the 24?h culture of T. asperellum TJ01, the 72?h culture with amino acid metabolism tended to decrease while sugar and lipid metabolisms tended to increase. Furthermore, the 72?h culture had a higher proportion of upregulated flavonoids, in combination with a higher proportion of downregulated alkaloids, and equal proportions of upregulated and downregulated polyphenols and hormones. This study also identified a few valuable medicinal substances such as trigonelline and 5-hydroxytryptophan in T. asperellum TJ01 fermentation cultures.     

软土地区高墩梁桥抗震支座选型及横向约束构造研究∗

为了研究软土地区地震作用下高墩先简支后桥面连续梁桥的支座选型及横桥向抗震约束问题,选取了普通板式橡胶支座、钢阻尼滑板支座、LNR 橡胶支座和 HDR 高阻尼支座四种支座类型,以软土地区某(4×30)m 跨径高墩先简支后桥面连续梁桥为例,进行了延性抗震体系和减隔震体系抗震设计对比以及设置挡块的横桥向抗震约束效果研究。结果表明：软土地区高墩先简支后桥面连续梁桥墩柱配筋率主要由 E1 地震作用下墩底截面偏心受压检算工况决定,采用减隔震体系并不能降低桥墩配筋率。通过对采用四种不同支座桥梁的内力、墩梁相对位移以及配筋率方面综合分析可知,软土地区高墩先简支后桥面连续梁桥的周期较长,这类桥梁抗震关键问题是防止落梁、减小墩顶位移。采用普通板式橡胶支座并合理的设计纵横向防落梁装置的延性抗震体系更适宜于软土地区高墩梁式桥,合理设计抗震挡块可以起到很好的横向约束作用,避免横向落梁的发生。     

Characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China

To understand the pollution characteristics of atmospheric particles and heavy metals in winter in Chang-Zhu-Tan city clusters, China, total suspended particulate(TSP) and PM10samples were collected in cities of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan from December 2011 to January 2012, and heavy metals of Cd, Pb, Cr, and As were analyzed. It shows that the average TSP concentration in Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan were(183 ± 73),(201 ± 84) and(190 ± 66) μg/m3respectively, and the average PM10 were(171 ± 82),(178 ± 65) and(179 ± 55) μg/m3respectively. The lowest TSP and PM10concentrations occurred at the background Shaping site of Changsha. The average ratio of ρ(PM10)/ρ(TSP) was 91.9%, ranging from 81.3% to 98.9%. Concerning heavy metals, in TSP samples, the concentration of Cr, As, Cd and Pb were 28.8–56.5, 18.1–76.3, 3.9–26.1 and 148.0–460.9 ng/m3, respectively, while in PM10samples, were 16.4–42.1, 15.5–67.9, 3.3–22.2 and 127.9–389.3 ng/m3, respectively. The enrichment factor of Cd was the highest, followed by Pb and As, while that of Cr was the lowest.     

硫酸铵和尿素对废物焚烧过程中多种途径生成氯苯类的抑制作用

氯苯类(CBz)是废弃物焚烧等过程中产生二英的前驱物,也被认为是实现二英在线检测的良好指示物,同时五氯苯(PeCBz)和六氯苯(HxCBz)也是持久性有机污染物(POPs).但氯苯在废物焚烧过程中的排放和控制尚没有受到足够重视,为此开展了模拟焚烧过程中硫酸铵和尿素对3种氯苯合成途径的抑制作用研究,包括飞灰合成,1,2-二氯代苯(1,2-DiCBz)转化高氯代苯等过程.结果表明,硫酸铵和尿素对氯苯的3种合成途径均有抑制作用,如1%尿素与废物混合焚烧对四氯苯、五氯苯和六氯苯的抑制效率分别达到了66.8%、57.4%和50.4%.比较硫酸铵和尿素对3种过程的抑制作用,认为尿素对氯苯具有更稳定的抑制能力.     

室内环境污染情况调查

通过对住宅的室内进行环境监测,发现在如今的住宅空气中所含有的甲醛、TVOC等有害物存有普遍超标的现象。为此建议:装修新房时需正确树立环保理念进行综合规划;注意装修材料选择,控制污染源;对于污染超标严重的住宅需采取必要的措施进行治理,确保室内环境达标。     

废旧锌锰电池锌锰元素的分析表征

为了解废旧锌锰电池的锌锰元素特征,以废旧碱性(A-A)和酸性(Zn-C)电池为研究对象,采用化学分析、BCR连续萃取技术、SEM-EDS和XRD等手段对拆分的电池正、负电极材料中的锌锰元素进行了分析表征.实验表明:废旧碱性(A-A)电池中Mn、Zn分别占到正极材料质量的49.2%、10.3%,以Zn Mn2O4四方体锌锰矿结构晶体存在;Zn占负极材料的52.5%,以Zn O晶体存在;废旧酸性(Zn-C)电池混合电解质中,Mn、Zn各占41.8%和25.2%,分别以Zn Mn2O4、Mn O2、Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O和Zn(NH3)2Cl2等晶体存在.BCR处理结果显示,A-A电池正极和Zn-C电池混合电解质中,Mn主要为残渣态较难酸释,而A-A电池负极中的Zn易于回收.     

300MW燃煤锅炉机组超细颗粒聚并器的实验研究

为了解决燃煤锅炉烟气中超细颗粒难以脱除的问题,基于流体动力学原理设计了一种超细颗粒聚并器,并在300 MW燃煤锅炉机组电除尘器的前置烟道中进行了实验研究。结果表明,聚并器内部存在超细颗粒之间以及超细颗粒与大颗粒之间的相互聚集行为,从而使超细颗粒数量显著减少。例如,对于粒径在2.65和10.48μm以下的颗粒,其体积比例在聚并器出口分别减少了56.7%和62.3%,在电除尘器出口的粉尘浓度减少了26.34 mg/Nm3,这表明,基于流体动力学原理的聚并器对超细颗粒的聚并作用明显,具有良好的应用前景。     

“十三五”期间中国生态环境质量变化特征

以国家生态环境监测网监测结果为基础,总结归纳了"十三五"时期中国生态环境质量变化特征和主要环境问题。结果表明:"十三五"期间,全国生态环境质量全面好转,2020年环境空气优良天数比例比"十二五"末期上升5.8个百分点;地表水总体水质由轻度污染转为良好,Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例上升17.4个百分点,劣V类断面比例下降9.0个百分点;酸雨污染程度减轻,海洋等环境要素质量稳中向好。但与此同时,后续改善难度加大,全国仍有40%地级及以上城市空气质量超标,4.8%的国土面积发生酸雨,辽河和海河流域仍是轻度污染,部分河流污染较重,地下水以IV类水质为主,农村饮用水源地和地表水水质均受到不同程度污染,近三分之一国土面积县域生态质量为较差和差。总体来看,当前生态环境质量与人民对美好生态环境的需求和美丽中国目标的实现还有较大差距。逐年上升的能源消费总量和不断增长的汽车保有量,增加了生态环境质量继续改善的压力。     

Effect of temperature and particle size on the thermal desorption of PCBs from contaminated soil

Thermal desorption is widely used for remediation of soil contaminated with volatiles, such as solvents and distillates. In this study, a soil contaminated with semivolatile polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was sampled at an interim storage point for waste PCB transformers and heated to temperatures from 300 to 600 °C in a flow of nitrogen to investigate the effect of temperature and particle size on thermal desorption. Two size fractions were tested: coarse soil of 420–841 μm and fine soil with particles <250 μm. A PCB removal efficiency of 98.0 % was attained after 1 h of thermal treatment at 600 °C. The residual amount of PCBs in this soil decreased with rising thermal treatment temperature while the amount transferred to the gas phase increased up to 550 °C; at 600 °C, destruction of PCBs became more obvious. At low temperature, the thermally treated soil still had a similar PCB homologue distribution as raw soil, indicating thermal desorption as a main mechanism in removal. Dechlorination and decomposition increasingly occurred at high temperature, since shifts in average chlorination level were observed, from 3.34 in the raw soil to 2.75 in soil treated at 600 °C. Fine soil particles showed higher removal efficiency and destruction efficiency than coarse particles, suggesting that desorption from coarse particles is influenced by mass transfer.