长三角地区VOCs排放特征及其对大气O3和SOA的潜在影响

以长三角地区(包括江苏省、安徽省、浙江省与上海市)为研究对象,对比分析了挥发性有机物(VOCs)人为源(AVOCs)和自然源(BVOCs)的排放总量、物种组成及其时空变化特征,评估了不同来源和种类的VOCs对臭氧(O₃)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成潜势(OFP和SOAFP).结果表明,长三角地区2017年VOCs的排放总量为618.1万t, AVOCs和BVOCs分别为385.6万t和232.5万t.该地区VOCs的主要物种为烷烃、芳香烃、异戊二烯、甲醇和萜烯,其占比分别为27.6%、20.2%、15.4%、8.7%和6.1%.时间变化上,AVOCs排放的季节变化较小,BVOCs的排放主要集中在5～9月,其中,7、8月的BVOCs排放量占全年排放总量的40.3%,显著高于同时段的AVOCs排放量.长三角地区VOCs的主要物种在5～9月为烯烃,其余月份则为烷烃和芳香烃.空间分布上,AVOCs排放高值区主要集中在上海、江苏中南部、浙江省北部、安徽省中部等经济较发达的地区;BVOCs排放高值区主要分布在浙江以及安徽南部等森林覆盖率较高的地区.长三角地区全年AVOCs...     

红球菌酰胺酶降解阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺的亲和力分析

为探究酰胺酶降解阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）的微观机理，采用分子对接分别模拟了阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）或聚丙烯酸酯（PAA）结构模型与Rhodococcus sp. N-771酰胺酶（Rh Amidase）的结合，根据-CDOCKER＿Energy score值最高的原则，对获得最佳结合构象进行分析.基于亲和力虚拟突变进行丙氨酸（ALA）扫描.亲和力分析表明，Rh Amidase对HPAM-2的亲和力最高、最稳定，而Rh Amidase于PAA-2相互作用最小、结合最好.同时，该酶更倾向于降解短链的聚合物.相互作用分析表明，疏水相互作用是Rh Amidase-HPAM-2比Rh Amidase-PAA-2更稳定的主要原因.通过ALA扫描进一步得知，PHE146、ILE450、LYS96和GLY193是Rh Amidase降解HPAM-2的关键氨基酸残基.其中GLY193与HPAM-2形成的1个氢键对Rh Amidase-HPAM-2的亲和力影响最大.突变体ASP191ALA可以提高Rh Amidase对HPAM-2的酶活性，这些数据可为设计更高活性的Rh Amidase突变体提...     

能源低碳转型风险及其应对策略——基于新型能源安全观的研究

能源低碳转型已成为世界各国应对气候危机和推动可持续发展的重要途径。然而，已有的研究大多是基于能源供给或者需求安全等相对单一的维度对能源低碳转型的风险与挑战展开分析，这将导致转型风险识别不够全面。鉴于此，本文在梳理能源安全观内涵演进的基础上，构建了涵盖供需安全、技术安全、信息安全、市场安全和人才安全的新型能源安全观“五维”分析框架，系统阐述我国能源低碳转型面临的风险，进而提出应对策略，包括保障能源供给，强化供需安全；发挥煤电优势，提升技术安全；维护数据系统，保障信息安全；完善市场机制，维护市场安全；加大人才建设，重视人才安全。本文认为，以新型能源安全观引领能源低碳转型，对于推动我国“双碳”目标实现和高质量发展具有重大意义。     

Atmospheric gaseous aromatic hydrocarbons in eastern China based on mobile measurements:Spatial distribution,secondary formation potential and source apportionment

Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)are both well known as hazardous air pollutants and also important anthropogenic precursors of tropospheric ozone (O₃) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA).In recent years,there have been intensive studies covering MAHs emission from various sources and their behavior under stimulated photochemical conditions.Yet in-situ measurements of PAHs presence and variations in ambient air are sparse.Herein we co...     

Understanding and addressing the environmental risk of microplastics

Over the past decades, the plastic production has been dramatically increased. Indeed, a category of small plastic particles mainly with the shapes of fragments, fibers, or spheres, called microplastics (particles smaller than 5 mm) and nanoplastics (particles smaller than 1 μm) have attracted particular attention. Because of its wide distribution in the environment and potential adverse effects to animal and human, microplastic pollution has been reported as a serious environment problem receiving increased attention in recent years. As one of the commonly detected emerging contaminants in the environment, recent evidence indicates that the concentration of microplastics show an increasing trend, for the reason that up to 12.7 million metric tons of plastic litter is released into aquatic environment from land-based sources each year. Furthermore, microplastic exposure levels of model organisms in laboratory studies are usually several orders of magnitude higher than those found in environment, and the microplastics exposure conditions are also different with those observed in the environment. Additionally, the detection of microplastics in feces indicates that they can be excreted out of the bodies of animal and human. Hence, great uncertainties might exist in microplastics exposure and health risk assessment based on current studies, which might be exaggerated. Policies reduce microplastic emission sources and hence minimize their environmental risks are determined. To promote the above policies, we must first overcome the technical obstacles of detecting microplastics in various samples.     

生物泥浆技术修复多环芳烃污染土壤研究进展

生物泥浆技术作为一种污染土壤生物修复技术，具有修复效率高、修复时间短及修复成本低等优点。本文介绍了生物泥浆修复设备的结构及修复工艺流程，例举了生物泥浆技术修复多环芳烃（PAHs）污染土壤的典型案例，探讨了生物泥浆技术修复PAHs污染土壤效果的主要影响因素：PAHs理化性质、PAHs污染浓度和污染时间、微生物、泥浆水土比、电子受体、传质过程等。展望了生物泥浆技术未来的发展方向：通过分子生物学工具监控、调节生物修复，促进泥浆内部微生物群落活动，有针对性地提高微生物对PAHs的修复能力。     

海洋溶解氧同位素的测量方法及其在长江口缺氧研究中的应用

海洋溶解氧及其同位素组成可有效示踪海洋氧循环过程中复杂的生物、化学和物理过程.海洋溶解氧的采集及提取过程需在严格的真空条件下进行，以避免大气中氧气带来的影响.本文详细阐述了利用特制的真空样品瓶采集海水，并在实验室真空管线上提取及纯化溶解气体的过程.纯化后的溶解气体在气体同位素质谱仪上测量，经过零点校正、质量干扰校正和空气标样校正后得到高精度的氧同位素和氧氩比数据.基于以上方法，本实验对长江口混合层海水及底层沉积物进行了呼吸作用暗培养.通过在不同的时间节点采集暗培养的海水，并测量其溶解氧同位素组成.基于实验结果，计算出长江口特征的水柱呼吸氧同位素分馏系数为-20.9‰，沉积物呼吸的氧同位素分馏系数为-8.8‰，二者具有明显的差异，可被用作区分及量化分析长江口不同耗氧机制的端元值.结合长江口原位采集的底层溶解氧的同位素组成，及本实验确定的水柱呼吸和沉积物呼吸的氧同位素分馏端元值，基于呼吸过程中氧同位素分馏的质量守恒，计算出长江口F6站位（126.00°E,30.60°N）水柱耗氧占比约为71%，沉积物耗氧的比例约为29%，说明发生在水柱中的生物呼吸作用为长江口F6站位的主要耗氧机制.     

污水流行病学调查辽宁和吉林两省甲基苯丙胺滥用量和流行率

甲基苯丙胺是我国目前主要的滥用毒品,而准确的滥用信息还非常有限.本文利用污水流行病学方法,调查了辽宁和吉林两省城镇居民中甲基苯丙胺的滥用量和流行率.选取并采集辽宁与吉林两省共15个城市17座污水处理厂进水样品,利用气相色谱衍生化方法分析测定污水中甲基苯丙胺的浓度分别为343±198 ng·L~(-1)和166±69 ng·L~(-1).根据污水厂进水量、甲基苯丙胺代谢数据和服务人口数量等信息预测了辽宁与吉林两省甲基苯丙胺的人均滥用量分别为361±148μg·d~(-1)和275±154μg·d~(-1).在预测滥用量的基础上,结合滥用剂量和滥用频率数据,预测辽宁与吉林两省城镇居民成年(15—64岁)人群中流行率分别为0.73%±0.30%和0.56%±0.31%.为了提高预测结果的准确性和可靠性,采用蒙特卡罗方法对滥用量和流行率进行不确定性分析,得到辽宁和吉林两省城镇居民人均甲基苯丙胺滥用量分别为398μg·d~(-1)(95%CI:199—688)和208μg·d~(-1)(95%CI:107—342),辽宁与吉林两省城镇居民成年人群中流行率分别为0.73%(95%CI:0.17—1.88)和0.38%(95%CI:0.09—0.97).根据预测的人均滥用量和两省人口数量,绘制两省的甲基苯丙胺的滥用地图,为毒品滥用的实时监控提供直观依据.本研究结果表明污水流行病学方法能够实时、快速、准确地获取毒品滥用信息,对毒品犯罪的防治具有重要意义.     

关于中国推进实施可持续发展目标的若干思考

千年发展目标(MDGs)的实施有效地推动了全球尤其是欠发达国家在减贫、教育、医疗、改善饮用水源等方面的发展,但是一些全球性问题仍然严峻,社会经济的不平衡发展、不公平性等问题在不同的地区不断深化。2015年,联合国通过了2016—2030年全球可持续发展目标(SDGs),对全球包括发达国家和发展中国家的可持续发展提出了新的目标和要求。本文提出了推进实施全球可持续发展目标(SDGs)面临的八项主要挑战,分别是"制定科学的衡量目标的指标体系""如何将SDGs纳入国民经济与社会发展规划""保障实施SDGs的融资能力""可持续发展指标的综合观测和获取能力""加强监测数据规范与评估能力""建立衡量社会进步的科学指标和方法""权衡不同目标间的冲突问题""如何将视角从陆地转向海洋和海岸带资源的可持续利用"等。为推动落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程,本文从基本原则、推进方法和政策保障三个方面,提出了有关中国推进实施国家可持续发展议程创新示范区的基本思路。     

Determination of 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water: The benefit of isotope dilution

• Isotope dilution method was developed for the determination of 27 PPCPs in water. • The established method was successfully applied to different types of water samples. • The correction effect of corresponding 27 ILSs over 70 d was investigated. • Benefit of isotopic dilution method was illustrated for three examples. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a unique group of emerging and non-persistent contaminants. In this study, 27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE), and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards (ILSs) were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river, effluent and influent sewage. The corrected recoveries were 73%–122% with the relative standard deviation (RSD)<16%, except for acetaminophen. The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22% and the method quantitation limits (MQLs) were 0.45–8.6 ng/L. The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples. The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days, and the ILSs-corrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences. The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%–140% with the recovery variation<37% in all cases. The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.