Diet-induced chemical phytomimesis by twig-like caterpillars of Biston robustum Butler (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Summary. Polyphagous caterpillars of the giant geometer Biston robustum resemble the twigs of their respective food sources in color and shape. Common predatory ants, including Lasius and Formica, were often observed to freely prowl directly on caterpillars bodies, even after antennal contact. This suggests that the cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars resemble those of the twigs of the foodplants, so we analyzed both by GC and GC-MS. The chemical compositions differed among caterpillars fed on a cherry, Prunus yedoensis, a chinquapin Castanopsis cuspidata, and a camellia Camellia japonica. The cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars resembled those of their corresponding food sources. When the caterpillar diets were switched from the cherry to camellia or chinquapin at the 4^th instars, the caterpillars cuticular chemicals changed after molting to resemble those of their respective foods. Caterpillars also changed their cuticular chemicals when they perched on cherry twigs and fed on camellia or chinquapin leaves, but not when they perched on camellia or chinquapin twigs and fed on cherry leaves. The chemical similarities between the caterpillars and the twigs were due to the digestion of host leaves, which indicates that this is a diet-induced adaptation.     

Modelling coupled peach tree-aphid population dynamics and their control by winter pruning and nitrogen fertilization

Nitrogen fertilization and winter pruning are commonly used to control crop production in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchards. They are also known to affect the dynamics of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) aphid populations via bottom-up regulation processes. Interactions between crops and pests can cause complex system behaviour in response to management practices. An integrated approach will therefore improve the understanding of the effects of these two cultural practices on aphid and peach performances.We developed a simulation model that describes the cultural control of interacting peach tree and aphid population dynamics. It uses the principles of common trophic models while gathering available knowledge and explicit assumptions on peach and aphid functioning and the effects of cultural practices.The model was able to qualitatively reproduce the system behaviour observed in the field. It accounted for actions and feedback such as stimulation of foliar growth by winter pruning, consecutive aphid population increase, subsequent damage to foliage, and partial compensatory growth of foliage. The model also reproduced low losses in fruit production due to aphid infestations. However, it called for further integration of ‘long-term’ effects. Analysis of the model showed the complexity of peach tree and aphid responses to leaf N × winter pruning interactions. Simulations indicated that fruit production losses remained low within a range of realistic values of leaf N and pruning intensity, whereas manipulating peach and aphid dynamics, their interactions and their relationships to practices could result in higher losses.The model is useful to evaluate the relevance of cultural practices for a bottom-up regulation of aphid dynamics in crop-pest management. After considering other control methods and fruit quality, it can be used to find a combination of practices that optimises trade-offs between fruit production and environmental conservation goals. A modelling approach that links crop growth and pest population dynamics and integrates management practice effects has strong potential for improving crop-pest management in an integrated crop production context.     

用单个特异引物扩增桃ACC氧化酶cDNA及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

用单个特异引物和通用引物ｏｌｉｇｏ（ｄＴ）１５从桃受伤叶片ｃＤＮＡ中扩增出１．３ｋｂ左右大小的片段．将该扩增产物克隆并对重组克隆作酶切分析发现至少可分为３类．用桃ＡＣＣ氧化酶基因组ＤＮＡ为探针进行点杂交表明,４,７,９,１０,１１,１２重组质粒能与之杂交,其中７,９,１０,１１,１２号重组质粒酶切图谱与已报导的桃果实成熟相关的ＡＣＣ氧化酶ｃＤＮＡ基因基本一致,而４号克隆则不同．ＤＮＡ序列分析和ＰＣＲ鉴定表明,插入片段均由５′端特异引物单个引物扩增出来,对７号重组克隆插入片段ＤＮＡ全序列分析表明,７号重组克隆插入片段全长１１４６ｂｐ,包含了除启始密码子外的全部编码区和１９２ｂｐ的３′端非编码区．通过补上起始密码子ＡＴＧ构建重组表达载体,在大肠杆菌中表达出３５×１０３的非融合蛋白     

土壤含水量对三种阔叶树苗气体交换及生物量分配的影响

在温室内用盆栽法研究了土壤含水量对茶条槭、山梨和山桃的气体交换及生物量分配的影响,设置4种土壤水分处理(土壤相对含水量75．0％、61．1％、46．4％和35．4％)．结果表明：随土壤含水量降低，3树种苗木净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均下降，土壤含水量最低时，茶条槭苗木各生理指标降低幅度最大，山梨和山桃次之．茶条槭和山梨水分利用效率(WUE)随土壤含水量的减少呈降低趋势，山桃WUE呈升高趋势．水分胁迫下，3树种苗木根分配生物量显著增加．茶条槭在水分胁迫下，根冠比增加幅度最大，山梨次之，山桃最小．此外，茶条槭叶形态可塑性强，随土壤含水量降低，茶条槭单叶叶面积和总叶面积显著减小，叶厚度增加．山梨和山桃在水分胁迫下单叶叶面积及总叶面积无显著变化．综合3树种苗木在水分胁迫下的生理和形态指标及生物量分配的变化，茶条槭和山桃对水分胁迫的适应能力强于山梨．表4参31     

稀土尾砂堆积场地种植芙蓉李的试验研究

自１９８８至１９９４年，在查明稀土尾砂农业理化性质的基础上，采用不铺覆客土和不灌溉的方法，在江西省稀土尾砂堆积场地进行种植果树芙蓉李和温州蜜柑的试验。试验结果表明，芙蓉李能良好生长，增加农户收入和提高土壤肥力，改善了生态环境。     

吡虫啉杀虫剂对桃树叶际微生物群落结构的影响

植物地上部分(包括叶、茎、花、果等)的表面和内部存在有大最的不同类型的细菌、丝状真菌、酵母、藻类等微生物.这种植物地上部分的生境称为叶际(pyllosphere),这些在叶际生存的微生物称为叶际微生物,它们发挥着重要的生态功能.吡虫啉是一种常用的烟碱类超高效杀虫剂,为了解它对叶际微生物产生的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸分析(P...     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

燕山典型流域两种造林树种生态系统碳储量及固碳潜力研究

选择燕山典型流域6个林龄序列的小叶杨（Populus simonii）和5个林龄序列的山杏（Prunus sibirica）主要造林树种为研究对象,利用时间替代空间样地测量法量化退牧还林后生物量碳储量、凋落物碳储量和土壤碳储量及生态系统碳储量的变化规律,同时以各组成碳库-林龄序列中的最大碳储量之和作为生态系统饱和碳储量,以未退牧的天然草地生态系统碳储量作为初始植被类型的碳储量,分析总结了退牧还林对生态系统碳储量和碳循环的影响。结果表明,退牧还林后生态系统的生物量碳储量、凋落物碳储量基本随退牧年限的增加而增加,土壤碳储量随退牧年限的增加呈现先减小后增加的趋势。在没有人为干扰的情况下,9、15、18、22及29 a生小叶杨林的生态系统碳储量分别为7147.45、7461.67、7509.895、8468.375及8247.85 g·m^-2,9、15、18、22及26 a生山杏林的生态系统碳储量分别为6695.44、6700.82、8011.86、8001.92及7981.92 g·m^-2;9、15、18、22、29及36 a生小叶杨林的生态系统固碳潜力分别为757.08、1071.3、1119.53、2078.01、1857.48及1312.21 g·m^-2,9、15、18、22及26 a生山杏林的生态系统固碳潜力分别为310.45、1621.49、1611.55、1591.55及757.08 g·m^-2。长期来看,研究区退牧还林对提高生态系统碳汇能力是可观的、积极的。研究结果对提高造林对碳汇影响的估测能力提供数据支持,也为政府参与国际全球气候变化的谈判提供一个很好的案例研究和科学根据。