冬季浮萍放养体系对养猪场废水的处理效果

以经筛选得到的本地优势浮萍为供试材料,以经稀释的养猪场废水为供试污水,考察了模拟冬季气象条件下浮萍单种体系和浮萍-水花生、浮萍-水葫芦混养体系对污水氮、磷的净化效果及植物生长情况,并与年平均气象条件下的相关结果作对比分析。结果表明,相对于年平均气象条件下的试验结果,冬季气候条件下三种体系对供试废水COD、NH4+-N和TP的去除速率和总去除率均有所下降,最大降幅均出现在浮萍单种体系,而混养体系表现较为稳定,尤其是浮萍-水花生混养体系,其对上述污染物的总去除率均维持在80%左右。浮萍混养体系对废水污染物的去除受冬季气候影响较小,利用其处理废水可克服冬季气候对浮萍单种体系污水处理系统的不良影响,通过合理的工艺组合,可实现浮萍污水处理系统全年气候下的连续运行和对污水氮、磷的高效去除。     

Occurrence, bioaccumulation and potential sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in typical freshwater cultured fish ponds of South China

To determine the potential input sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to fish farming environments in South China, samples of seven various environmental matrices were collected from October 2006-September 2007. Tri- to deca-BDEs were detected in all samples analyzed, with mean concentrations (±standard deviations) at 5.7 ± 3.6 ng/L in pond water, 15 ± 11 ng/g dry wt. in pond sediment, 12 ± 3.8 ng/g dry wt. in bank soil, 21 ± 20 ng/g lipid wt. in fish, and 93 ± 62 ng/g lipid wt. in fish feeds. In addition, BDE-209 was the major constituent in all samples except fish and BDE-47 was predominant in fish samples. Relatively high abundances of BDE-49 were detected in all the samples compared to those in the penta-BDE technical products. Several bioaccumulation factors were evaluated. Finally, statistical analyses suggested that fish feed, as well as pond water at a lesser degree, may have been the major source of PBDEs in freshwater farmed fish.     

福建东山湾养殖贝类重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

为了解东山湾海水养殖贝类重金属污染状况及健康风险水平,2016年11月采集了华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobills)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、鲍(Haliotis sp.)、巴非蛤(Paphia sp.)、牡蛎(Saccostrea sp.)和翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)等6种常见贝类,对其污染指数、膳食暴露量和健康风险等进行评价。结果表明,东山湾贝类体内Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg含量(均值)分别为9.69、0.19、43.5、0.65、0.21、0.010和1.69μg·g~(-1),与第一类海洋生物质量标准限值相比,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr和As的超标率分别为16.7%、83.3%、33.3%、33.3%、16.7%和100%;但除华贵栉孔扇贝Cd含量超标外,Pb、Cr、Hg和As含量均能满足食品中污染物限量标准要求。尽管东山湾贝类总致癌风险R_c=1.65×10~(-4),存在一定的健康风险,但5种贝类体内重金属含量略低于我国东部-南部沿海贝类的平均水平,且2010—2017年期间东山湾牡蛎体内重金属污染状况没有明显变化(养殖生物质量指数<5%),加上重金属膳食暴露风险较低,总非致癌风险R_n=0.94(<1),总体而言贝类质量状况尚可。     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

福建沿海养殖贝类中农药残留的含量及来源分析

对福建省15个缢蛏和牡蛎样品中的有机氯农药(六六六、DDTs)、PCBs、及有机磷农药残留进行了监测,并对其污染来源进行了探讨。结果表明,有机磷农药敌敌畏、甲胺磷和有机氯农药滴滴涕的检出率较高,敌敌畏和甲胺磷的平均含量分别为0.80和2.58×10-9(湿重),滴滴涕平均质量分数为8.84×10-9(湿重)。六六六和多氯联苯未检出。福建省内的闽江口和泉州湾的污染程度相对较高,但贝类体内污染物的含量均在食用卫生标准的控制下。     

废弃黑木耳菌糠特征及环境影响分析

应用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对废弃黑木耳菌糠的分子结构进行表征,结果表明,其含有纤维素、半纤维素、-NH及-COOH等基团。废弃黑木耳菌糠的热稳性能通过热重/微商热重(TG/DTG)进行证实,热分析表明废弃黑木耳菌糠中含有一定的吸附水和结合水,热稳定性良好。表面形貌和元素分布通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子显微镜(EM)及能谱(EDS)进行解释,废弃黑木耳菌糠表面粗糙而松散,纤维素和菌丝体互相缠绕,其O、C、N、Ca的质量分数为96.24%,Mg、K、S、P、Si、Na、Al的质量分数为3.76%。此外,对废弃黑木耳菌糠的pH、吸水倍率及N、P、K含量进行了测定,其pH为5.14,吸水倍率为466%,N为10.66mg/g,P为2.11mg/g,K为2.61mg/g。并对废弃黑木耳菌糠可能对大气、水及土壤产生的环境影响进行了分析。通过对废弃黑木耳菌糠特征系统的研究和环境影响行为的深入分析,为其综合利用和环境保护提供了理论依据。     

A misdiagnosis of X-linked adrenoleucodystrophy in cultured chorionic villus cells by the measurement of very long chain fatty acids

A case is reported of a male fetus at risk of X-linked adrenoleucodystrophy who showed a normal cultured chorionic villus cell very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) profile but at birth exhibited grossly abnormal plasma and cultured fibroblast VLCFAs. Maternal contamination or a sample mix-up was excluded by chromosome analysis and analysis of polymorphic markers. This is the second report of a fetus affected with this disorder who showed normal cultured chorionic villus cell VLCFAs. It highlights the importance of a proper audit of all prenatal diagnoses to evaluate method reliability.     

Toxicity Assessment of Treated Wastewater Using Cultured Human Cell Lines

Bioassay using cultured human cell lines was applied to an effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Sapporo to assess their toxicity, and in order to investigate the fate of toxicity in the WWTP, bioassay of the water samples from several points in WWTP (influent, effluent, return flow from thickener, from dewatering process and from incineration process) was performed. We also applied bioassay to the mixture of the activated sludge from the investigated plant and artificial sewage. These results showed that the toxicity of the effluent was more intensive than the influent, and organic matter released from activated sludge bacteria during their decay process contributed to the increase of toxicity in the effluent.     

实验室培养日本大螯蜚f_1代的生活史

对实验室20℃恒温培养条件下日本大螯蜚(Grandidierella japonica)f1代个体的生活周期、繁殖周期进行了研究,测定其不同发育阶段的存活率、性比、孵化幼体数量、繁殖后代总数等.结果表明:日本大螯蜚在生活史早期阶段存活率较高,中期阶段显著下降;雌性寿命最长为119 d,雄性为68 d,最长存活时间仅为雌性的一半左右;生活周期平均为42 d;幼体出生时性比接近1∶ 1;雌性孵化幼体数量为13～71只幼体/雌体;雌性可连续4次孵化幼体;雌性共产后代平均为92.3只幼体/雌体.