Research priorities for conservation and natural resource management in Oceania's small‐island developing states

For conservation science to effectively inform management, research must focus on creating the scientific knowledge required to solve conservation problems. We identified research questions that, if answered, would increase the effectiveness of conservation and natural resource management practice and policy in Oceania's small‐island developing states. We asked conservation professionals from academia, governmental, and nongovernmental organizations across the region to propose such questions and then identify which were of high priority in an online survey. We compared the high‐priority questions with research questions identified globally and for other regions. Of 270 questions proposed by respondents, 38 were considered high priority, including: What are the highest priority areas for conservation in the face of increasing resource demand and climate change? How should marine protected areas be networked to account for connectivity and climate change? What are the most effective fisheries management policies that contribute to sustainable coral reef fisheries? High‐priority questions related to the particular challenges of undertaking conservation on small‐island developing states and the need for a research agenda that is responsive to the sociocultural context of Oceania. Research priorities for Oceania relative to elsewhere were broadly similar but differed in specific issues relevant to particular conservation contexts. These differences emphasize the importance of involving local practitioners in the identification of research priorities. Priorities were reasonably well aligned among sectoral groups. Only a few questions were widely considered answered, which may indicate a smaller‐than‐expected knowledge‐action gap. We believe these questions can be used to strengthen research collaborations between scientists and practitioners working to further conservation and natural resource management in this region.     

Ce-MCM-22分子筛的合成与吸附动力学研究

采用静态水热晶化法,以硅溶胶为硅源、六亚甲基亚胺(HMI)为模板剂,通过掺杂Ce合成了具有MWW层状结构的Ce-MCM-22分子筛。并利用粉末X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等方法对其进行了表征,对其进行了吸附动力学的研究。研究表明,Ce-MCM-22吸附动力方程拟一级方程为y=-0.028 1x-0.136,R2=0.983 4。Ce-MCM-22吸附动力方程拟二级方程为y=0.465 7x+1.2005,R2=0.999 5,说明拟二级反应模型更能真实地反映分子筛吸附亚甲蓝溶液的反应机理。     

便携式GC/MS对空气中苯系物的定量分析方法研究

文章采用简单快速的采气袋配气方式,以苯系物为例,研究了便携式GC/MS对大气中痕量有机污染物的快速定量测定方法。分别在Full scan和建立的SIM扫描方式下对苯系物标准样品进行了测定。对比实验结果表明,Full scan和SIM两种扫描方式下苯系物测定结果的相对标准偏差分别在5.1%~28.4%和13%~19%之间,回收率范围分别为46%~186%和60%~110%,方法检出限范围分别为2.504~10.63μg/m3和0.494~2.399μg/m3。总体而言,SIM方式在测定结果的精密度与准确度上均优于Full scan方式。室内外空气样品的测试结果映证了SIM方式在对痕量有机污染物测定的优势。     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.     

Evaluation of multiple reactions in dilute benzoyl peroxide concentrations with additives using calorimetric technology

Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is a typical organic peroxide widely used in food processing, particularly flour bleaching. Due to the unstable nature of the oxygen-oxygen bond in BPO, it readily reacts under even mid-low-temperature conditions. Lower concentrations of BPO are also potentially explosive, even when combined with acid or alkaline additives. Given the history of both potential and documented industrial accidents, this study investigates the thermal stability of various BPO concentrations when mixed with acid or alkaline solutions. In addition, differential and integral kinetic models were applied to verify that the apparent activation energy data from the differential scanning calorimetry experiments were valid. The results of autocatalysis reactions and nth-order reaction simulations presented characteristics consistent with the experimental findings. The findings in this paper can be used as a reference for BPO products that are mediated with either an acid or an alkaline solution during production, storage, transportation, or use.     

E‐commerce trade in invasive plants

Biological invasions are a major concern in conservation, especially because global transport of species is still increasing rapidly. Conservationists hope to anticipate and thus prevent future invasions by identifying and regulating potentially invasive species through species risk assessments and international trade regulations. Among many introduction pathways of non‐native species, horticulture is a particularly important driver of plant invasions. In recent decades, the horticultural industry expanded globally and changed structurally through the emergence of new distribution channels, including internet trade (e‐commerce). Using an automated search algorithm, we surveyed, on a daily basis, e‐commerce trade on 10 major online auction sites (including eBay) of approximately three‐fifths of the world's spermatophyte flora. Many recognized invasive plant species (>500 species) (i.e., species associated with ecological or socio‐economic problems) were traded daily worldwide on the internet. A markedly higher proportion of invasive than non‐invasive species were available online. Typically, for a particular plant family, 30–80% of recognized invasive species were detected on an auction site, but only a few percentages of all species in the plant family were detected on a site. Families that were more traded had a higher proportion of invasive species than families that were less traded. For woody species, there was a significant positive relationship between the number of regions where a species was sold and the number of regions where it was invasive. Our results indicate that biosecurity is not effectively regulating online plant trade. In the future, automated monitoring of e‐commerce may help prevent the spread of invasive species, provide information on emerging trade connectivity across national borders, and be used in horizon scanning exercises for early detection of new species and their geographic source areas in international trade.     

摩擦清洗修复铅污染土壤的参数优化及清洗效率评价

采用摩擦清洗法修复铅污染场地土壤,主要目的是将细颗粒和铅污染物从砂粒表面去除.通过正交实验优化清洗参数,并对3份不同铅含量土壤进行摩擦清洗实验.优化的清洗参数为:水土比70%干物质、温度25℃、搅拌时间30 min、搅拌速率1 200 r.mim-1.摩擦清洗前土壤经过筛分化验分析表明,3份土壤铅主要富集在砂粒和粉黏粒中;铅的分布与有机质有极大相关性.结果表明,经过摩擦清洗后,3份原状铅污染土壤砂粒的清洗效率分别为:67.61%、31.71%、41.01%,摩擦清洗从砂粒表面去除一部分细粒土壤和铅污染物,使铅浓缩至粉黏粒中;扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明,摩擦清洗后砂粒表面变光滑.以上结论说明摩擦清洗对于铅污染场地的砂粒土壤具有较好的清洗效果.     

多层阻尼复合板常温贮存5年性能研究

目的分析多层阻尼复合板常温贮存5年的性能变化。方法对多层阻尼复合板进行常温下贮存5年的减振性能研究,通过贮存前后的正弦扫描试验和随机振动试验,获得贮存前后多层阻尼复合板的减振性能和模态变化,进行对比分析。结果阻尼复合板常温贮存5年后,径向模态有较大的下降,法向模态变化较少,组件上的加速度响应基本无变化。结论该多层阻尼复合板常温贮存5年后仍然满足要求。     

药物混粉爆炸事故及防范对策的研究

从近几年制药行业频繁爆炸事故出发,分析制药行业爆炸事故的种类,从粉尘爆炸入手,以某制药企业为研究对象,对其爆炸粉体克拉维酸钾进行了爆炸参数测试,运用20L球形粉尘爆炸测试装置测定其爆炸下限为40g/m3。同时运用差热扫描热分析法对其进行放热反应进行研究,再利用毛细管气相色谱法对该混合物中是否存在可燃气体进行了评定,发现其存在丙酮可燃气体,但含量较低为9.3×10-5。针对上述特点,从技术和管理角度出发,分析应对措施以及常见的问题,设计了混粉机械人机界面,编制了安全检查表,对该类共性问题进行了归纳,以供防范药物混粉事故发生参考。     

Factors influencing on the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in size-specific dust from air conditioner filters

Size-specific concentrations and bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in dust from air conditioner filters were measured, and the factors influencing the PBDE bioaccessibility were determined. Generally, the PBDE concentrations increased with decreasing dust particle size, and BDE209 (deca-BDE) was generally the predominant congener. The bioaccessibility ranged from 20.3% to 50.8% for tri- to hepta-BDEs, and from 5.1% to 13.9% for BDE209 in dust fractions of varied particle size. The bioaccessibility of most PBDE congeners decreased with increasing dust particle size. The way of being of PBDE (adsorbed to dust surface or incorporated into polymers) in dust significantly influenced the bioaccessibility. There was a significant negative correlation between the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and organic matter (OM) contents in dust. Furthermore, tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility increased with increasing polarity of OMs, while with decreasing aromaticity of OMs. The tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility significantly positively correlated with the surface areas and pore volumes of dust. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that the OM contents and pore volumes of dust were the most important factors to influence the tri- to hepta-BDE bioaccessibility and they could be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of tri- to hepta-BDEs according to the following equation: bioaccessibility (%) = 45.05 − 0.49 × OM% + 1.79 × pore volume. However, BDE209 bioaccessibility did not correlate to any of these factors.