藻渣添加对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵特征的影响

厌氧发酵是农业废弃物资源化的有效途径之一.将农业废弃物同其他富含氮元素的有机废物混合发酵能够有效地提高产气效率.以玉米秸秆为例,尝试利用藻渣作为添加剂,提高农业废弃物厌氧发酵的性能.实验主要研究了混合发酵比例对沼气产量、甲烷产量、沼渣沼液特征的影响.当玉米秸秆、藻渣和接种污泥的挥发性固体质量分数为10∶ 2∶2时,沼气产率最高可达421.0 mL/g,甲烷产率为218.7 mL/g.沼渣组分分析表明,纤维素和半纤维素降解效率分别为83.7％和68.4％,和对照相比纤维素的降解效率显著提高.结果表明,藻渣的添加能够有效地促进玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷过程.     

添加剂在630MW机组湿法脱硫系统上的应用

在湿法脱硫系统吸收塔浆液中加入少量添加剂,可以促进浆液中石灰石的溶解和SO2的吸收,提高系统的脱硫率1.5%～2.0%。同时也可在浆液较低的pH值下,防止脱硫设备结垢堵塞,增加系统运行的稳定性。加入添加剂后,系统在保证脱硫效率的前提下可少开1台浆液循环泵,降低了运行成本。     

Testing hypotheses on shape and distribution of ecological response curves

Niche theory with hypotheses on shape and distribution of ecological response curves is used in the studies of resource sharing of competing plant species. Predictions based on theory should be applicable when, e.g., effects of competing species on the ecological tolerances are assessed or species’ diversity along a resource gradient is evaluated. We studied the ecological response curves of competing plant species along a resource gradient in boreal forests. The study was based on nation-wide soil and vegetation data collected from 455 sample plots on boreal forests in Finland. Species response curves along a soil fertility gradient (in terms of C/N ratio) were estimated using generalized additive models. Distribution of species optima and the relationship of niche width and skewness to the location of the optimum were analyzed with new bootstrap tests. The developed tests can account for the effects of truncation observed in the response curves of several species and for the uneven distribution of observations on the gradient.The estimated response curves of the major field layer species of boreal forests were not evenly distributed along soil C/N gradient. The density of optima peaked with relatively high nitrogen availability. Species with optima at low nitrogen availability had relatively broad realized niches. Niche width was negatively correlated with the density of optima. Species optima were packed and niches were narrow at high resource levels. This result suggests that a greater number of more specialized species can occur and interspecific competition decreases niche widths at high resource levels. Species were packed in the gradient where the C/N ratio was lower than 25, i.e., in conditions where nitrification can take place. This indicates that the majority of the vascular plants of boreal forests are favoured by the availability of NO₃⁻. Those few species thriving at high C/N ratios have broader realized niches.     

新型转式垃圾焚烧过程中脱氯脱硫机理的研究

为了探讨有机垃圾焚烧过程钙基添加剂对HCl，SO_x生成特性的影响，分别在自行设计的中空水冷转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中进行了一系列的实验，研究结果表明新型转式焚烧炉具有强化传热传质特性，能提高HCl、SO_x的脱除率，可抑制有害气体的生成；同时也研究了 HCl，SO₂气体同时存在时，钙基添加剂对脱氯脱硫效率的影响规律。     

Assessing the Risk of Ships Striking Large Whales in Marine Spatial Planning

Marine spatial planning provides a comprehensive framework for managing multiple uses of the marine environment and has the potential to minimize environmental impacts and reduce conflicts among users. Spatially explicit assessments of the risks to key marine species from human activities are a requirement of marine spatial planning. We assessed the risk of ships striking humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), blue (Balaenoptera musculus), and fin (Balaenoptera physalus) whales in alternative shipping routes derived from patterns of shipping traffic off Southern California (U.S.A.). Specifically, we developed whale‐habitat models and assumed ship‐strike risk for the alternative shipping routes was proportional to the number of whales predicted by the models to occur within each route. This definition of risk assumes all ships travel within a single route. We also calculated risk assuming ships travel via multiple routes. We estimated the potential for conflict between shipping and other uses (military training and fishing) due to overlap with the routes. We also estimated the overlap between shipping routes and protected areas. The route with the lowest risk for humpback whales had the highest risk for fin whales and vice versa. Risk to both species may be ameliorated by creating a new route south of the northern Channel Islands and spreading traffic between this new route and the existing route in the Santa Barbara Channel. Creating a longer route may reduce the overlap between shipping and other uses by concentrating shipping traffic. Blue whales are distributed more evenly across our study area than humpback and fin whales; thus, risk could not be ameliorated by concentrating shipping traffic in any of the routes we considered. Reducing ship‐strike risk for blue whales may be necessary because our estimate of the potential number of strikes suggests that they are likely to exceed allowable levels of anthropogenic impacts established under U.S. laws. Evaluación del Riesgo de Colisiones de Barcos y Ballenas en la Planificación Marina Espacial     

Comparative effect of thymol or its glucose conjugate,thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside,on Campylobacter in avian gut contents

Campylobacter jejuni is an important human food-borne pathogen that can contaminate meat and poultry during processing. Consequently, strategies are sought to reduce the carriage of C. jejuni in food animals before they arrive at the abattoir. Thymol is a natural product that reduces survivability of Campylobacter in vitro, but its rapid absorption from the proximal alimentary tract limits its bactericidal efficacy in vivo. Thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside is more resistant to absorption than free thymol, but its administration to chickens has not been reported. In the present studies, 1 mM thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside was shown to exhibit near equal anti-Campylobacter activity as 1 mM thymol when incubated anaerobically in avian crop or cecal contents in vitro, resulting in reductions of 1.10–2.32 log₁₀ colony forming units mL^?1 in C. jejuni concentrations after 24 h incubation. In a follow-up live animal study, oral administration of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside, but not free thymol, significantly lowered (>10-fold) recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of market-aged broilers when compared to placebo-treated controls (n = 6 broilers/treatment). Neither thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside nor thymol affected recovery of Campylobacter from cecal contents of the treated broilers. These results indicate that rapid absorption or passage of free thymol from the crop precluded its anti-Campylobacter activity at this site and throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conversely, lower recovery of Campylobacter from the crop of birds treated with thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside indicates this conjugate was retained and able to be hydrolyzed to biologically active free thymol at this site as intended, yet was not sufficiently protected to allow passage of efficacious amounts of the intact glycoside to the lower gut. Nevertheless, these results warrant further research to see if higher doses or encapsulation of thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside or similar glycosides may yield an efficacious additive to reduce carriage of Campylobacter as well as other pathogens throughout the avian gut.     

Influences of adding easily degradable organic waste on the minimization and humification of organic matter during straw composting

To find a better composting process with low greenhouse gas emission and high humus production, the effect of adding kitchen waste on reduction and humification of organic matter during straw composting was studied. Three processes were compared, consisting of different ratios of straw and kitchen waste (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1). At four time points over a 62-d incubation, the reduction and humification of compost was evaluated by measuring the total mass, carbon content, and humic material content of the compost. Treatment 1 (straw/kitchen waste ratio of 1:2) reduced the total mass of compost the most. Treatment 2 (straw/kitchen waste ratio of 1:1) reduced the total carbon content the most, reflecting the highest emission of greenhouse gas. Treatment 3 produced the most humic acid material and released the lowest amount of carbon. Hence, from the point of view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing stable organic matter such as humus and humic acid during composting, treatment #3 was optimal. The three treatments resulted in significant differences in microbial biomass and enzyme activity during composting. The highest amount of active microbial biomass was associated with the largest reduction in compost mass (treatment 1). Higher proportions of straw (treatments 2 and 3), which contains more lignin, were associated with greater β-glycosidase activity, which may generate more humus that can improve soil quality. Dehydrogenase activity seemed to be the most important microbial factor in organic carbon catabolism or humification.     

添加剂影响CaO固硫反应活性的动力学分析

采用热分析法研究了Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃和MnCO₃作为添加剂对CaO固硫反应过程的影响,用等效粒子模型对固硫反应过程进行表征,求得了其固硫反应动力学参数.结果表明:MnCO₃与Fe₂O₃对CaO固硫反应的作用机理相同,能提高固硫反应速率常数、产物层有效扩散系数和钙的转化率.通过计算等动力学温度、活化能大小可以判断添加剂对固硫反应活性影响的趋势,但不能准确衡量添加剂对固硫反应活性的贡献;对应温度下的反应速率常数和产物层有效扩散系数更能准确反映添加剂对固硫反应的影响大小.非化学计量金属氧化物通过高温下氧离子、金属离子较强的扩散特性来催化固硫表面化学反应和促进产物层扩散反应.根据不同添加剂的作用机理和对固硫反应的不同控制阶段的影响规律,针对添加剂发挥作用的温度特性和化学反应计量关系复合掺入添加剂,可进一步提高固硫剂转化率.     

促燃脱硫剂对煤炭清洁燃烧的功效及机理分析

用微机热天平和色谱方法测试和研究了促燃脱硫剂在降低煤炭的着水温度、改善煤炭燃烧特性、减少煤炭燃烧造成的环境污染等方面的节能和环保功效。试验结果表明：ＣＣＳ型燃煤促燃脱硫剂能降低煤炭着火温度３０℃～８０℃,提高煤炭利用率１０％～２５％,固硫率３０％～５０％,且明显降低ＣＯ排放量和排烟黑度。本文初步探讨了其作用机理。     

秦皇岛市空气污染对呼吸系统疾病的影响

通过分析秦皇岛市2011—2012年每日的API值及大气PM10、 SO2、 NO2的日平均浓度变化与同时期的呼吸系统疾病日门诊人数资料,建立了时间序列分析数学模型,分析了秦皇岛市主要大气污染物与呼吸系统疾病发病的关系。发现秦皇岛市大气污染物的浓度与居民呼吸系统疾病之间存在着一定的正相关性,污染物浓度升高,居民呼吸系统疾病的就诊人数随之增加。