A reaction-transport model for calcite precipitation and evaluation of infiltration fluxes in unsaturated fractured rock

The percolation flux in the unsaturated zone (UZ) is an important parameter addressed in site characterization and flow and transport modeling of the potential nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain, NV, USA. The US Geological Survey (USGS) has documented hydrogenic calcite abundances in fractures and lithophysal cavities at Yucca Mountain to provide constraints on percolation fluxes in the UZ. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between percolation flux and measured calcite abundances using reactive transport modeling. Our model considers the following essential factors affecting calcite precipitation: (1) infiltration, (2) the ambient geothermal gradient, (3) gaseous CO(2) diffusive transport and partitioning in liquid and gas phases, (4) fracture-matrix interaction for water flow and chemical constituents, and (5) water-rock interaction. Over a bounding range of 2-20 mm/year infiltration rate, the simulated calcite distributions capture the trend in calcite abundances measured in a deep borehole (WT-24) by the USGS. The calcite is found predominantly in fractures in the welded tuffs, which is also captured by the model simulations. Simulations showed that from about 2 to 6 mm/year, the amount of calcite precipitated in the welded Topopah Spring tuff is sensitive to the infiltration rate. This dependence decreases at higher infiltration rates owing to a modification of the geothermal gradient from the increased percolation flux. The model also confirms the conceptual model for higher percolation fluxes in the fractures compared to the matrix in the welded units, and the significant contribution of Ca from water-rock interaction. This study indicates that reactive transport modeling of calcite deposition can yield important constraints on the unsaturated zone infiltration-percolation flux and provide useful insight into processes such as fracture-matrix interaction as well as conditions and parameters controlling calcite deposition.     

生物膜填料塔SO2废气净化性能研究

采用生物膜填料塔净化SO2废气,研究结果表明:当气体流量从100L/h增加到300L/h时,SO2净化效率由86.4%下降到73.2%;生化去除量随着入口SO2气体浓度的升高而增大;随着温度的升高,SO2净化效率和生化去除量都随之提高,且20℃以上时,净化效率可达90.9%以上,生化去除量可达75 mg/L·h以上,更利于微生物降解SO2.     

Abundance and removal of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the rearing environments of intensive shrimp aquaculture in South China

Although research regarding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquaculture environments has gained increasing scientific interest, further studies are required to understand the abundances and removal mechanisms of ARGs during the entire rearing period of shrimp aquaculture. Thus, in this study, abundances, distributions and removal rates of ARGs in different environmental compartments of intensive shrimp farms in South China were investigated during the entire rearing period. The results indicated that sul1 and cmlA were the predominant ARGs in the water and sediment samples. Additionally, the total abundance of ARGs was higher in shrimp pond water than in the source water and farm effluent. Moreover, sediment samples indicated significantly higher ARG abundances than water samples from the shrimp ponds (P?<?0.05). Environmental factors were found to significantly affect the distribution of ARGs in shrimp rearing environments. Furthermore, stable ponds aided the removal of ARGs from shrimp pond water. This study accounted for temporal variations in ARG abundances as well as removal of ARGs in different environmental compartments during the entire shrimp rearing period. However, additional research is required to optimize the water treatment process for removal of ARGs from the aquaculture.     

Evaluation of photolysis and hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin in aqueous solutions and its degradation products in paddy water

This study evaluated the hydrolysis and photolysis kinetics of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection and identified the resulting metabolites of pyraclostrobin by hydrolysis and photolysis in paddy water using high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. The effect of solution pH, metal ions and surfactants on the hydrolysis of pyraclostrobin was explored. The hydrolysis half-lives of pyraclostrobin were 23.1–115.5?days and were stable in buffer solution at pH 5.0. The degradation rate of pyraclostrobin in an aqueous solution under sunlight was slower than that under UV photolysis reaction. The half-lives of pyraclostrobin in a buffer solution at pH 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and in paddy water were less than 12?h under the two light irradiation types. The metabolites of the two processes were identified and compared to further understand the mechanisms underlying hydrolysis and photolysis of pyraclostrobin in natural water. The extracted ions obtained from paddy water were automatically annotated by Compound Discoverer software with manual confirmation of their fragments. Two metabolites were detected and identified in the pyraclostrobin hydrolysis, whereas three metabolites were detected and identified in the photolysis in paddy water.     

Determination of the residue dynamics and dietary risk of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus and soil by LC-MS/MS

A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method was developed for the determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin in citrus (including the whole citrus, peel and pulp) and soil samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and purified with octadecylsilane. The detection limits of both compounds were 0.0001–0.0002?mg kg^–1, while the limit of quantification of thiamethoxam was 0.002?mg kg^–1 and the limit of quantitation of metabolites was 0.001?mg kg^–1. The recovery was 70.37%–109.76%, with inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) (n?=?15) values ≤9.46% for the two compounds in the four matrices. The degradation curve of thiamethoxam in whole citrus and soil was plotted using the first-order kinetic model. The half-life of the whole citrus was 1.9–6.2?days, and the half-life of the soil was 3.9–4.2?days. The terminal residue of thiamethoxam (the sum of thiamethoxam and clothianidin, expressed as thiamethoxam) was found to be concentrated on the peel. The final residual amount of thiamethoxam in the edible portion (pulp) was less than 0.061?mg kg^–1. The risk quotient values were all below 1, indicating that thiamethoxam as a citrus insecticide does not pose a health risk to humans at the recommended dosage.     

交流电场联合有机物料强化东南景天修复重金属镉污染土壤

针对土壤重金属污染植物修复效率低的问题,采用盆栽实验,通过施加多种强度的交流电场(0、0.5、1.0 V·cm⁻¹)和不同种类的有机物料(黄腐酸钾、紫云英),研究了交流电场及其与有机物料联合对重金属超积累植物东南景天修复重金属镉污染土壤效率的作用。结果表明,交流电场促进了东南景天的生长和对重金属的吸收,以0.5 V·cm⁻¹作用最佳,在电场处理组20 d后东南景天地上部Cd积累量比不施加电场的处理组提高了48.1%。交流电场和有机物料联用可以进一步提升东南景天对土壤镉的累积,施加黄腐酸钾处理组有利于土壤酸可提取态Cd的提高,比对照组提高了16.35%。在交流电场为0.5 V·cm⁻¹条件下,以0.3%施用效果最佳,施加黄腐酸钾和紫云英分别是对照组(施加交流电场,不施加有机物料)的3.65倍和1.73倍。有机物料和交流电场的共同作用极大地促进了东南景天镉的积累。     

The associations of air pollution exposure during pregnancy with fetal growth and anthropometric measurements at birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fetal growth has been demonstrated to be an important predictor of perinatal and postnatal health. Although the effects of maternal exposure to air...     

干/湿混法对中温SCR催化剂碱土金属中毒的影响

为探究碱土金属中毒规律以及中毒方法对中毒的影响,采用干混法和湿混法模拟CaO和MgO对商业催化剂的中毒过程。研究中毒后催化剂脱硝特性的改变及差异,并对催化剂中毒前后催化剂物理、化学性能变化进行探究。结果表明：湿混法模拟SCR催化剂中毒后脱硝效率的降低大于干混法;模拟中毒实验应该采用干混法;湿混法对于催化剂比表面积、孔径分布、表面V5+含量以及化学吸附氧的不利影响强于干混法;CaO对催化剂脱硝效率的降低大于MgO。2种中毒方法的对比研究为延长催化剂寿命提供了理论依据。     

给水厂铁铝泥构建过滤柱去除富营养化河水中过量磷

为避免因FAS释放过量有机物和氮而产生的潜在不利影响,分析了以给水厂铁铝泥(FAS)构建过滤柱处理富营养化河水的特征与机制,研究了以厌氧热处理改性后的FAS作为辅助基质(2%)构建过滤柱。结果表明：在对其他性质无影响的情况下,FAS的添加显著提高了过滤柱对水体中磷的去除率,促使出水磷浓度在整个运行期间小于0.01 mg·L-1;被FAS吸附的磷主要以NaOH提取态、HCl可提取态和残渣态存在。高通量测序分析结果表明,FAS的添加促使过滤柱中富集了Rhodoplanes、Sulfuritalea、Nitrospira、Leucobacter、Geobacter、Dechloromonas等有助于生物地球化学循环和复合污染控制的菌群。FAS作为辅助基质构建过滤柱可有效控制富营养化河水中磷污染。     

EVO(乳化油)-Mg(OH)2双功能缓释剂强化修复三氯乙烯污染地下水

氯代烃污染地下水在外加有机质(电子供体)进行强化还原脱氯时,存在有机质消耗快、pH持续降低等影响脱氯效率的问题。利用乳化油(EVO)与胶体氢氧化镁复配的方法,制备了一种兼具电子供体缓释性和OH-缓释性的双功能缓释剂EVO-Mg(OH)2;成功制备了不同EVO∶Mg(OH)2配比的EVO-Mg(OH)2试剂,并对其稳定性、分散性及粒径分布进行了研究;向模拟砂柱中注入不同体积的EVO-Mg(OH)2,考察试剂的迁移性能以及试剂注入对三氯乙烯(TCE)迁移的影响;开展了EVO-Mg(OH)2强化TCE还原脱氯摇瓶实验,考察了该试剂对脱氯效果的影响。结果表明：不同EVO∶Mg(OH)2配比的试剂稳定性及分散性良好,粒径无明显差异;EVO-Mg(OH)2可以有效地在多孔介质中迁移并实现部分滞留;注入量对EVO-Mg(OH)2的迁移性有一定的影响;EVO-Mg(OH)2可以促进TCE溶解和迁移从而减小EVO-Mg(OH)2和TCE之间的传质阻力;EVO-Mg(OH)2能够实现电子供体及OH-的双重缓释,有效促进脱氯微生物的生长,提高TCE的降解速率(k=0.128 d-1),同时抑制pH的降低(pH=7.5)。