Optimizing electron spin resonance detection of hydroxyl radical in water

The parameters affecting the electron spin resonance (ESR) detection of hydroxyl free radical in water are studied and optimized. The hydroxyl radical is generated by the Fenton reaction with iron (II) ammonium sulfate and hydrogen peroxide reacting in a phosphate buffer using N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitron as the spin trap. The concentrations of Fe²⁺, H₂O₂, and phosphate buffer are the parameters studied. The Taguchi method and the orthogonal experiment design were used to evaluate the effects of these parameters on the ESR signal intensity. By the analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio and the analysis of variance, the order of importance of the various parameters on the hydroxyl radical formation is determined for optimal ESR detection of hydroxyl radical. The results will help the development of water purification technologies using hydroxyl free radical as a green oxidant.     

Ce掺杂纳米TiO2光催化剂的制备及降解甲醛的研究

介绍了溶胶-凝胶法制备Ce离子掺杂纳米TiO2的工艺流程.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外可见分光光度法(UV-Vis)等方法表征了Ce掺杂TiO2的相组成、紫外可见漫反射率与掺杂量的关系.结果表明,掺杂的TiO2在520℃、650℃焙烧2 h呈锐钛矿结构,在520℃焙烧2 h的TiO2的晶粒尺寸大约为20 nm,而掺杂Ce后其晶粒尺寸均减小,大约为12nm.UV-Vis吸光度分析表明,掺Ce后吸收带边明显发生红移,但随着Ce掺杂浓度的增大,其对可见光的吸收影响不大.光催化降解反应表明,未掺杂Ce的TiO2反应2 h后对甲醛的没有降解作用,而Ce掺杂TiO2反应2 h后甲醛降解率达15%.     

The associations of air pollution exposure during pregnancy with fetal growth and anthropometric measurements at birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fetal growth has been demonstrated to be an important predictor of perinatal and postnatal health. Although the effects of maternal exposure to air...     

Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of sediment metals in a highly industrialized coastal zone southwestern Taiwan

Spatial variations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the surface sediments from 34 stations of the Kaohsiung coastal zone southwestern Taiwan were studied to address the current pollution status, sediment quality, and potential ecological risk. The study revealed that the concentrations of sediment metals in Kaohsiung Harbor were alarmingly high compared to the other region of Kaohsiung coast. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the harbor sediments were as high as 351, 247, 1.93, 61.8, 60.9, and 940 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The current situation of metal pollution was assessed by different pollution indices and results showed moderate to severe enrichment of Cu, Hg, and Zn in the harbor sediments. According to the degree of contamination, pollution load index, and contamination severity index, the sediments from the inner Kaohsiung Harbor show high degree and high severity of metal contamination, while the rest of Kaohsiung coastal areas show uncontaminated or low-level pollution. Results of mean ERM quotient and potential ecological risk index also indicated that the harbor sediments posed a 49% probability of biological toxicity and very high ecological risk. The toxic units indicated that the negative biological effects of the six metals in the harbor sediments were Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Hg > Pb. In contrast to Kaohsiung Harbor as a trap where considerable amount of anthropogenic metal loadings accumulated in sediments, low metal concentrations were observed in most Kaohsiung coastal sediments. It probably resulted from the limited fine-grained sediment deposition. In the wave-dominated Kaohsiung coastal zone, fine-grained sediments associated with polluted metals tend to be easily resuspended and transported offshore via waves and wave-induced currents. The results of this study can provide valuable information for river and coastal zone management.

     

Fenton法降解垃圾渗滤液中的溶解性有机质

垃圾渗滤液是一种高浓度难降解废水,含有大量有毒物质和溶解性有机质（dissolved organic matter, DOM）,可生化性差。Fenton试剂（Fe2++H2O2）能产生活性极强的羟基自由基（·OH）,能快速氧化渗滤液中DOM和微量有机物质。本研究采用Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液,结果表明,在优化的处理条件下,渗滤液COD和TOC去除率分别为65%和42%,其中混凝作用去除的COD和TOC分别为20%和21%。进一步通过紫外可见光谱扫描、SUVA254、E3/E4等指标评价,发现Fenton法可以有效降低渗滤液中的DOM含量,大分子有机物的含量明显减少,而分子量小的有机物含量相对增加,反应体系中溶解性有机物分子量随着反应的进行而降低,腐殖化程度降低。利用GC-MS定性出渗滤液原液中47种有机物,该类有机物在Fenton反应后上清液中未再检出,但5种物质（邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己）酯、植酮、角鲨烯、麥角甾烷醇和二氢胆固醇）在沉淀的铁泥中检出。研究发现不同pH值、H2O2和Fe2+浓度条件下,残留的COD与DOM、TOC和UV254存在显著的相关关系（R2> 0.9）。本研究结果为改进垃圾渗滤液处理工艺和探索DOM在Fenton过程中的降解行为提供科学依据。     

夏季海淀公园内PM2.5浓度水平梯度分布规律

于2014年夏季,通过观测海淀公园不同区域沿道路不同宽度处PM2.5浓度,研究PM2.5浓度日变化规律、水平梯度分布规律、净化效益及其影响因素。结果表明,海淀公园内PM2.5浓度日变化规律呈白天低晚上高的趋势,09：00-15：00时PM2.5浓度达到国家标准Ⅱ类功能区浓度质量要求,05：00时PM2.5浓度最高。不同观测区域一定宽度范围内出现PM2.5浓度积聚,之后开始下降。总体上,海淀公园在13：00时对PM2.5浓度净化效益最显著,09：00时净化效益最差。环城高速路区域与城市主干道区域165 m以上宽度处、城市次干道区域60 m以上宽度处为正净化效益,并维持正净化效益。海淀公园内PM2.5浓度与气象因子之间相关关系表明,PM2.5浓度与平均温度、相对湿度呈显著相关,与其他气象因素没有显著相关性。     

基于PIV技术的ABR反应器在不同HRT下的液相流态特性

利用激光粒子图像测速技术（PIV）对ABR反应器的液相流态进行了研究,在水力停留时间（HRT）为3~58 h变化时,测试得反应器内下流室和上流室折流板内外侧关键截面的流场数据,获得了相关流场特征,包括速度矢量图、流线图谱和涡量场等。结果表明,HRT对下流室和上流室的液相轴向、径向平均速度和平均涡量强度影响不同,液相回流面积随HRT的增加逐渐减小;下流室液相平均涡量强度随HRT的增加逐渐增加;上流室液相平均涡量强度随HRT的增加逐渐减小。下流室和上流室在特定HRT时产生涡流、沟流。在本实验条件下,当处理难降解或高浓度废水时,得出HRT为33 h时反应器整体流态最佳。     

Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the inhibition toxicity to root elongation of Cucumis sativus of selected phenols and interspecies correlation with Tetrahymena pyriformis

The comparative toxicities of selected phenols to higher plants Cucumis sativus were measured and the negative logarithm molar concentration of the root elongation median inhibition (IRC50) were derived. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) were developed to explore the toxicity influencing factors and for predictive purpose. The toxicity data, fell into two classes: polar narcosis and bio-reactive. For polar narcotic phenols, a highly significant two-parameter QSAR based on 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (logKow) and energy of the lowest unoccupied orbital (E(lumo)) was derived (IRC50 = 0.77 log Kow - 0.39E(lumo) + 2.36 n = 22 r2 = 0.89). The five bio-reactive chemicals proved to show elevated toxicity due to their typical substructure involved diverse reactive mechanisms. In an effort to model all chemicals, a robust multiple-variable QSAR combining logKow, E(lumo) and Qmax, the most negative net atomic charge, was developed (IRC50 = 0.65 logKow - 0.72E(lumo) + 0.23Qmax + 2.81 n = 27 r2 = 0.94), indicating that hydrophobicity, electrophilicity and hydrogen bond interaction contribute mainly to the phytotoxicity. The toxicological data was compared with Tetrahymena pyriformis 2-d population growth inhibition toxicity (IGC50) and excellent interspecies correlations were observed both for the polar narcotics and for five reactive chemicals (for polar narcotics: IRC50 = 0.95IGC50 + 1.07 n = 16 r2 = 0.89; for bio-reactive chemicals: IRC50 = 0.98IGC50 + 2.19 n = 5 r2 = 0.97; and for all: IRC50 = 0.93IGC50 + 1.63 n = 21 r2 = 0.87). This suggested that T pyriformis toxicity could serve as a surrogate of C. sativus toxicity for phenols and interspecies correlation also could be established for reactive chemicals.     

铁还原菌作用下含镉聚合硫酸铁絮体中铁还原与镉释放规律及其影响因素

选取Shewanella oneidensis MR-1为供试铁还原菌,旨在研究MR-1在还原含Cd聚合硫酸铁絮体过程中,絮体中Fe（Ⅲ）还原、Cd释放规律及影响因素。结果表明,扰动可促进絮体中Fe（Ⅲ）还原及Cd释放;絮体中Cd的添加使得Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程中产生的二次矿物主要物相由磁铁矿转变为针铁矿,且Cd浓度的增加导致Fe（Ⅲ）还原率逐渐降低,Cd释放率也逐渐降低;絮体中Fe浓度的逐渐增大同样使得Fe（Ⅲ）还原率逐渐降低,Cd释放率则先增大后减小;腐殖质类模型物质蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸钠的添加可提高絮体中Fe（Ⅲ）的还原率,进而促进Cd的释放。对同一体系或不同体系间的Fe（Ⅲ）还原率及Cd释放率进行线性拟合,结果发现较大的Fe（Ⅲ）还原率能够导致絮体中Cd的更多释放,从而对环境造成更大的危害。     

Determination of atmospheric nitrate particulate size distribution and dry deposition velocity for three distinct areas

In this study, both atmospheric particulates and dry deposited particulates were collected at a highway intersection, coastal location and suburban area in Taichung, Taiwan for the characterization of nitrate containing particulates (NCPs) in size distribution and dynamic properties. Collected particulates were placed in contact with nitron (C20H16N4) to form distinctive products of NCPs, which were examined by a SEM. For total atmospheric particulates, the sum of NCP and non-nitrate containing particulate (NNCP), the average shape factor values are 1.69, 1.49, and 1.36 for the highway intersection, coastal area and suburban area, respectively. The calculated shape factors show no significant differences with sizes. Dry deposition fluxes and atmospheric concentrations at various size ranges were estimated. The mass distributed in fine particle range (相似文献