Fate and assessment of persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment from Minjiang River Estuary,Southeast China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed in surface water, porewater and surficial sediment samples from Minjiang River Estuary, which is the first large river in Fujian Province, Southeast of China. The total concentrations of 18 organochlorine pesticides were 214.4-1819, 4541-13,699 ng/l, 28.79-52.07 ng/g in surface water, porewater and sediments (dry weight) respectively, and those of 21 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the three phases were: 203.9-2473, 3192-10,855 ng/l, 15.14-57.93 ng/g respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of these selected organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in porewater were higher than those in surface water. It may be due to the fact that these organic hydrophobic pollutants tend to stay in the sediments, and then re-suspend from the sedimentary phase to the upper water. We have analyzed the distribution characteristics of individual organochlorine pesticide components and PCBs, and found that alpha-HCH, DDE, Heptachlor, Endosulfan II, Methoxychlor were the most common organochlorine pesticides contaminants. Considering the groups of HCHs (HCHs=alpha-HCH+beta-HCH+gamma-HCH+delta-HCH) and DDTs (DDTs=DDT+DDD+DDE), the predominance of beta-HCH, DDE in all water, porewater and sediment samples was clearly observed. This observation suggested that beta-HCH was resistant to biodegradation and the DDTs had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD, of which DDE that was more un-degradable. The PCB congeners containing 3-6 chlorines had the great preponderance in the three phase. These results were compared with those present in other estuaries and harbors. A risk assessment was evaluated for the persistent organic pollutants in the Minjiang River Estuary.     

青霉菌HHE-P7利用酱油废水产生微生物絮凝剂的研究

研究了微生物絮凝剂产生菌HHE-P7在酱油废水中产生微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性。实验表明，酱油废水由于碳源丰富，是一种良好的培养基。HHE-P7菌最佳培养条件为：COD20000mg／L，K2HP041．0g／L，培养3d。最佳絮凝条件为在1L高岭土水中投加10～15mL微生物絮凝剂（MBF7），pH调至9，则絮凝率为90％以上；微生物絮凝荆在水系中主要起吸附架桥的作用。     

Study of metabolites from the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments

The PAH metabolites produced during degradation of fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene by a bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments were analyzed using the on-fiber silylation solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combining with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method. Seventeen metabolites at trace levels were identified in different PAH degradation cultures based on the full scan mass spectra. In fluorene degradation cultures, 1-, 2-, 3- and 9-hydroxyfluorene, fluorenone, and phthalic acid were detected. In phenanthrene and pyrene degradation cultures, various common metabolites such as phenanthrene and pyrene dihydrodiols, mono-hydroxy phenanthrene, dihydroxy pyrene, lactone and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, methyl ester, and phthalic acid were found. The detection of various common and novel metabolites demonstrates that SPME combining with GC–MS is a quick and convenient method for identification as well as monitoring the real time changes of metabolite concentrations throughout the degradation processes. The knowledge of PAH metabolic pathways and kinetics within indigenous bacterial consortium enriched from mangrove sediments contributes to enhance the bioremediation efficiency of PAH in real environment.     

Wet air oxidation of a reactive dye solution using CoAlPO(4)-5 and CeO(2) catalysts

Wet air oxidation of a prepared reactive dye solution was performed to assess the efficacy of CoAlPO(4)-5 and CeO(2) as catalysts in the reaction. Via adsorption and oxidation of dye, CoAlPO(4)-5 effectively decreased American Dye Manufacturers Institute and chemical oxygen demand (COD) values in the dye solution. At a reaction temperature of 135 degrees C and an applied pressure of 1.0 MPa, color and COD removal were as high as 95% and 90%, respectively, after 2 h. Active sites on the outer surface of CoAlPO(4)-5 are responsible for adsorption and decomposition of dye while active sites in the pores dominate further destruction and oxidation of intermediate products. Since the outer surface only represents a minor part of the total surface, the color removal does not increase appreciably with loading of CoAlPO(4)-5. The CeO(2) catalyst, calcined from cerium chloride under high thermal impact (type A CeO(2)) was very effective in removing color and COD from the solution. This catalyst demonstrated near 100% color removal at temperatures above 135 degrees C and the COD removal could be above 95% at 165 degrees C. With both CoAlPO(4)-5 and CeO(2) catalysts, COD rose and then fell back during the reaction, a feature typical of a consecutive reaction. In contrast to prepared CeO(2), a commercial CeO(2) did not exhibit any catalytic ability for the removal of color and COD. The durability of both CoAlPO(4)-5 and prepared CeO(2) is considered to be fair.     

酸解破乳作用处理高含固率洗毛废水的研究

洗毛废水是一种高浓度有机废水,含固率高,主要成分是羊毛脂、羧酸盐和土杂,由于强极性物质的存在和胶体强的负电性,导致洗毛废水形成稳定的乳化体系.本试验通过加入硫酸改变洗毛废水的有机组成,降低体系的Zeta电位,破坏体系的稳定性,从而使得有机物发生凝聚沉降,达到去除COD的目的.硫酸加入量达到0.2%或以上时对洗毛废水中SS的自然沉降性、絮凝性和极性有很大影响,比阻从远大于9.81×1013m/kg,下降为5.54×1010m/kg,COD去除率达到86.8%,SS去除率达到98%.因此,洗毛废水加酸处理后通过机械脱水,实现固液分离,以降低原废水的色度和大幅降低COD的方式,是可供考虑的处理工艺.     

黄磷废水处理技术

黄磷废水成分复杂,含P4、F-和CN-等多种有毒有害物质,污染严重,须经过处理达标后方可排放.目前国内黄磷废水处理通常采用物化法,其又可分为沉淀氧化法和闭路循环法.分别就这2种技术方法的处理过程及优缺点进行了探讨,并对其存在问题的解决提供了思路.     

Control of NOx emissions by air staging in small- and medium-scale biomass pellet boilers

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The effect of air staging strategies on NOx control was investigated on a 210-kW small-scale biomass boiler (SBB) and a 1.4-MW medium-scale biomass...     

Air pollution inequality and health inequality in China: An empirical study

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - China’s residents experience unequal exposure to air pollution in different regions, and the corresponding health consequences have increased...     

The associations of air pollution exposure during pregnancy with fetal growth and anthropometric measurements at birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fetal growth has been demonstrated to be an important predictor of perinatal and postnatal health. Although the effects of maternal exposure to air...     

The effects and the toxicity increases caused by bicarbonate,chloride, and other water components during the UV/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> degradation of oxazaphosphorine drugs

The influences of HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, and other components on the UV/TiO₂ degradation of the antineoplastic agents ifosfamide (IFO) and cyclophosphamide (CP) were studied in this work. The results indicated that the presence of HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, NO₃ ^?, and SO₄ ^2? in water bodies resulted in lower degradation efficiencies. The half-lives of IFO and CP were 1.2 and 1.1 min and increased 2.3–7.3 and 3.2–6.3 times, respectively, in the presence of the four anions (initial compound concentration = 100 μg/L, TiO₂ loading =100 mg/L, anion concentration = 1000 mg/L, and pH = 8). Although the presence of HCO₃ ^? in the UV/TiO₂/HCO₃ ^? system resulted in a lower degradation rate and less byproduct formation for IFO and CP, two newly identified byproducts, P11 (M.W. = 197) and P12 (M.W. = 101), were formed and detected, suggesting that additional pathways occurred during the reaction of ?CO₃ ^? in the system. The results also showed that ?CO₃ ^? likely induces a preferred ketonization pathway. Besides the inorganic anions HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, NO₃ ^?, and SO₄ ^2?, the existence of dissolved organic matter in the water has a significant effect and inhibits CP degradation. Toxicity tests showed that higher toxicity occurred in the presence of HCO₃ ^? or Cl^? during UV/TiO₂ treatment and within 6 h of reaction time, implying that the effects of these two anions should not be ignored when photocatalytic treatment is applied to treat real wastewater.