基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据的成渝城市群碳排放时空动态特征研究

基于1992—2013年国防气象卫星计划(DMSP/OLS)夜间灯光数据和能源统计数据,对成渝城市群碳排放进行研究,应用空间自相关模型,并结合趋势分析和地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析方法,探究成渝城市群碳排放时空变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据估算的碳排放与基于能源消耗统计数据计算的碳排放动态变化趋于一致,且存在较好相关性;(2)1992—2013年成渝城市群碳排放增加趋势明显,碳排放增加区域面积高达76.26%,分布在成都、重庆主城及周围德阳、璧山等地区,碳排放不变或降低区域零散分布在研究区边缘地带,面积占比23.74%;(3)成渝城市群所有年份的全局空间自相关系数(Ⅰ)值均大于0,表现出较强空间自相关性,且在研究时段Ⅰ值总体呈增长趋势,说明其空间集聚性持续增强;(4)成渝城市群碳排放空间集聚模式主要为高-高集聚型、低-低集聚型,两者空间分布动态变化均呈增加模式,高-高集聚区域主要分布在成都、重庆主城以及邻近县域,低-低集聚区域主要零散分布在边缘相对落后地区,表明成渝城市群碳排放空间分布具有极强的相互依赖性。     

中国省域能源消费碳排放时空格局演进及驱动机制研究——基于环境规制视角的分析

基于2003—2017年中国不同省域碳排放统计数据,分析中国碳排放时空演进规律,利用中介作用及调节作用检验法,甄别不同能源消费碳排放驱动因素的作用机理并探究省域异质性.结果表明:(1)空间维度上看,中国人均碳排放分布态势呈东部低、中西部高的特征,东部地区人均碳排放变化幅度总体较小,西部地区增速最快.全国人均碳排放呈较为...     

新疆畜牧业碳排放强度动态演变与驱动力分析

基于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)推荐的系数法、空间自相关分析和固定效应模型等方法,揭示2001—2020年新疆14个地(州、市)畜牧业碳排放量、碳排放强度的空间演变规律及驱动因素。结果表明：就新疆整体而言,2001—2020年畜牧业碳排放量大体呈波动变化趋势;畜牧业碳排放强度大体呈下降趋势;就地(州、市)而言,2001—2020年各地(州、市)畜牧业碳排放量在空间上的分布表现为北疆>南疆>东疆,而南疆克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州的畜牧业碳排放强度最高,说明其生产效率最低;从空间聚集的角度来看,各地(州、市)畜牧业碳排放强度具有明显的空间集聚性和空间正相关性;另外,城镇化水平和工业化水平提升对各地(州、市)畜牧业碳排放强度降低具有显著的阻碍作用,经济发展水平、畜牧业发展水平和农业机械化水平提升对各地(州、市)畜牧业碳排放强度降低具有显著的推动作用。     

新疆畜牧业碳排放测算及动态演变分析

基于2000—2020年相关面板数据,运用核密度估计方法、空间相关性分析等测算新疆14个地级行政区畜牧业碳排放量并探究其动态演变情况。结果表明：(1)研究期内新疆畜牧业碳排放整体呈波动上升趋势,且牲畜肠道发酵是其主要源头,核密度曲线表明各地级行政区畜牧业碳排放由集聚向分散演化。(2)研究期内各地级行政区畜牧业碳排放空间相关性加强,且“低-低”集聚类型增多。(3)各地级行政区畜牧业碳排放存在差异,研究期内伊犁畜牧业碳排放量下降最多,减排效果最为突出。     

《污水处理厂低碳运行评价技术规范》标准解读及案例展示

为响应国家减污降碳政策的号召,满足污水处理行业碳排放核算与评价的实际需求,根据碳排放核算标准化工作需要,中国环境保护产业协会于2022年6月首次发布了污水处理厂低碳相关的团体标准——《污水处理厂低碳运行评价技术规范》(T/CAEPI-2022)。该标准是我国污水处理领域首个低碳团体标准,规定了以城镇污水处理厂为主的污水处理厂碳排放核算的方法和低碳运行的评价等级划分,适用于污水处理厂的碳排放核算、低碳运行评价、低碳设计和改造等方面。从标准制订背景出发,阐述了碳排放强度核算和评价的依据、基本条件、内容、流程,并通过案例以期为广大同行理解标准、落实标准和推广标准提供参考。     

济南市高精度机动车碳排放清单研究

为提高机动车排放清单的精度,对清单的空间分配模型进行优化,在模型复杂度与关联因素分析的基础上,对人口密度、国内生产总值(GDP)、交通兴趣点(POI)、坡度等影响因子进行主成分提取,并结合标准路长,提出了基于主成分综合调解系数的多因子空间分配模型,以济南市为例进行验证,结果显示：济南市2021年机动车碳排放总量为1 259.9万t;基于构建的空间分配模型,获取了济南市1 km×1 km分辨率的网格化机动车碳排放清单;历下区等济南市中心城区是高排放的热点区域,高速公路与一级公路形成高排放的线状地带。基于空间分配模型与基于标准路长的分配结果相比,高排放区碳排放量更高,低排放区碳排放量更低;前者考虑了坡度,对于地形起伏较大地区的分配结果更合理。基于主成分调解系数的多因子空间分配模型提高了网格化排放清单的空间分辨率和分配结果精度。     

天津市滨海新区家庭直接能源消费碳减排分析

以天津市滨海新区家庭直接能源消费碳排放量为基础数据,运用统计类比分析的方法分析了居民家庭通过有意识改变直接能源消费方式所能带来的碳减排空间及碳减排结构。分析表明,5、6月平均户均碳减排量为27.75kg(以CO2减排当量计,下同),平均人均碳减排量为9.20kg,平均减排比为8.92%。家庭用电的碳排放量具有最大的减排空间;燃气的碳排放量相对于用电和交通较小,但燃气节约比相对最高,因此居民燃气的碳减排空间也相当可观;私家车是影响家庭交通出行碳排放量的最重要因素。家庭人口与住宅面积不是影响家庭碳减排量的主导因素,居民的环保意识及行为在家庭碳减排中起重要作用。因此,提高居民的低碳环保意识,改善居民的生活方式,对于国家碳减排意义重大。     

基于全生命周期法的矿用柴油重卡碳核算

矿用柴油重卡因工作任务量大和工作环境恶劣,导致其碳排放量巨大。从使用矿用柴油重卡的企业角度出发,采用全生命周期法,理清了矿用柴油重卡全生命周期各个阶段的碳排放量及影响碳排放的因素,建立了矿用柴油重卡碳核算模型。以内蒙古某煤矿4种柴油重卡为案例,对矿用柴油重卡全生命周期碳排放量进行了核算,分析了核算结果,并从车辆重量与经济性角度,分析比较了几种车辆的单位重量排放量和单位价格排放量。结果表明：矿用柴油重卡全生命周期碳排放量由车辆重量和燃料消耗量共同作用,其中燃料消耗量占绝大比重。综合考虑节能减排和经济性,重量为156 t和85 t的车辆是最佳选择,煤矿企业可适当提高该类车辆的占比。在保证工作量的情况下,将138 t和65 t车辆代替为156 t和85 t的车辆,全生命周期内可减少1.275×10⁵ t的碳排放量,节省9 936.704万元的花费。本研究结果可为重卡企业开展节能减排工作提供参考。     

县域能源消费CO2排放特征及减排措施:以河北省怀来县为例

为明晰怀来县能源消费二氧化碳(CO₂)排放特征并制定科学合理的减排措施,以怀来县2010—2019年间能源消费为对象,开展CO₂排放清单研究。结果表明,怀来县能源消费已实现“碳达峰”,CO₂排放总量呈波动上升-下降-保持平衡的变化趋势。单位GDP排放强度总体呈逐年下降趋势,于2014年起下降速度首次超过GDP增速,并逐渐开始抵消GDP增长带来的碳排放增量。自2013年起,怀来县工业与农林牧渔业相继实现“碳达峰”,但交通运输部门与居民生活部门的CO₂排放量一直维持在较高水平。在充分结合怀来县能源消费CO₂排放现状研究与发展方向后,提出了针对交通运输部门和居民生活部门这2个重点排放源的减排措施。本研究结果可为县域管理部门的能源消费低碳发展策略的制订提供参考。     

碳排放约束下的天津市能源区域分配研究——基于碳夹点模型分析

能源的供需及碳排放约束是中国各省市在经济快速发展过程中必须考虑的问题。在能源供需和碳排放约束下,对区域的能源利用进行合理分配具有实际意义。利用碳夹点分析方法,对天津市的能源分配问题进行研究,建立分析模型,在考虑整体和区域的能源需求和碳排放约束条件下,分别确定各种化石能源和清洁能源的使用量,以实现最优的能源结构和能源供需平衡,为地方政府制定合理的能源供应量和碳排放约束指标提供科学依据。研究表明,若只考虑天津市总体的碳排放约束(1 570.6×105 t)和能源需求(223.0×1013 kJ),需要减少24.9×1013 kJ的煤能源使用,同时增加31.7×1013 kJ的清洁能源;若天津市能提供50.0×1013 kJ的清洁能源,在达到能源总需求的同时,总的碳排放为1 378.5×105 t,因此能源部门在规划天津市的总体碳排放约束时不应低于此值;考虑各个区域的碳排放约束的条件下,规划得到的排放总量为1 434.1×105 t,能够满足当前的碳排放限值。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.