不同晶型MnOx催化还原NO活性研究

为研究低温烟气脱硝的高效选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂的催化活性,采用湿式浸渍法制备了以γ-Al_2O_3为载体、以MnO_x为活性组分的系列MnO_x/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、BET多分子层吸附模型等测试方法对催化剂进行表征,分析Mn负载量对MnO_x晶型、形貌及催化剂比表面积的影响,并进行催化还原NO实验,通过脱硝效率反映不同MnO_x晶型时催化剂的脱硝特性。结果表明,Mn负载量对MnO_x的晶型和形貌产生明显影响。Mn负载量低于0.4mmol/g时,无法形成明显晶核;Mn负载量为0.8mmol/g时,形成球状_β-MnO_2;Mn负载量为1.2mmol/g时,形成棒状α-MnO_2。球状_β-MnO_2提高了MnO_x/γ-Al_2O_3比表面积,含球状_β-MnO_2的MnO_x/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂具有最优的催化还原NO活性,175℃条件下达到84%左右的脱硝效率。H_2O(气态,下同)和SO~3 _2的存在对催化剂脱硝性能产生影响,分别持续通入600mg/mSO_2、6.000%(体积分数)H_2O 480min,脱硝效率分别下降约14百分点和10百分点。     

Ce掺杂TiO2-V2O5-WO3催化剂在水泥窑脱硝中的应用

以经Ce掺杂后的TiO_2-V_2O_5-WO_3催化剂为材料,在新型干法水泥生产线窑尾布袋除尘器后进行了低温选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝中试试验。结果表明,掺杂Ce降低了TiO_2-V_2O_5-WO_3催化剂的起活温度。当烟气流量为10 000m~3/h(空速约5 000h~(-1))、氨水流量为5L/h、烟气温度超过150℃时,脱硝效率可达50%以上。SCR脱硝系统中,5 000h~(-1)空速设计是可行的。Ce适宜作为TiO_2-V_2O_5-WO_3催化剂低温改性助剂。     

电解锰渣替代商用选择性催化还原脱硝催化剂中部分TiO_2载体的实验研究

选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂中的TiO_2载体价格昂贵,导致脱硝成本居高不下。由电解锰产生大量的废弃物电解锰渣,会污染地下水和土壤,为综合利用锰渣,提高资源利用率,探索利用锰渣替代商用钒基SCR催化剂中的部分TiO_2载体,研究锰渣替代后的脱硝催化剂的脱硝性能和机理。通过工艺优化,在不改变脱硝反应历程的前提下,锰渣可以替代高达20.0%(质量分数)的TiO_2载体,并使催化剂最佳脱硝效率保持接近90%,同时保持优异的抗SO_2中毒性能。从而有效地证明了利用锰渣部分替代TiO_2的可行性,为实现废物利用,减少环境污染,降低SCR脱硝成本提供了可能性。     

电厂低负荷下V-W/TiO_2基NH_3-SCR催化剂的低温改性

在不改变工业催化剂制备工艺的基础上,通过改性提高工业V-W/TiO_2催化剂的低温活性。实验采用浸渍法,通过添加磷酸以及氧化铈来改性工业V-W/TiO_2催化剂,探讨了新型低温SCR催化剂的脱硝活性。并通过比表面积测试(BET),X射线衍射实验(XRD),吡啶红外实验,程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)等技术对催化剂理化性能进行表征。研究结果表明,1%磷酸添加量使催化剂表面的B酸以及弱酸含量大量增加,使催化剂向低温端降低了30℃;同时,在添加1%磷酸的基础上,添加不同含量氧化铈,提高催化剂的氧化还原性,发现添加8%氧化铈,使催化剂氧化还原性能显著增强,转化温度向低温再次降低了40℃。通过添加磷酸和氧化铈,使V-W/TiO_2催化剂80%转化温度从280℃降至220℃,同时具备了高抗硫抗水性。     

SiO_2掺杂对V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2脱硝催化性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备TiO_2-SiO_2载体,浸渍法制备出V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂,利用BET、FESEM、XRD、TGA和激光拉曼对催化剂进行表征,研究催化剂的理化性质。以NH_3为还原剂,考察反应温度、SiO_2掺杂量、焙烧温度、空速和使用时间对SCR催化还原NO的性能影响。结果表明,V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂最佳反应温度在250~350℃。SiO_2掺杂能提高活性组分V_2O_5和WO_3在载体表面的分散性,制备出的催化剂具有更大的比表面积和更宽的温度区间,提高脱硝活性及稳定性。SiO_2掺杂量对催化剂性能影响较大,制备的催化剂中,TiO_2/SiO_2=2显示了最大催化活性,脱硝率均在60%以上,TiO_2/SiO_2=0.5制备的催化剂稳定性最差。焙烧温度对催化剂性能也有影响,焙烧温度在500和600℃时,最低脱硝率为58%和23%,最佳焙烧温度为400℃,脱硝率均在80%以上,具有优越的脱硝性能。实验结果还表明,空速对V_2O_5-WO_3/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂的影响不大,在20 000 h~(-1)空速下催化剂的使用时间对脱硝率的影响也不大,48 h内能保持在99%左右,非常稳定。     

WO3-MnOx/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂脱汞性能研究

在溶胶-凝胶法制备MnO_x/TiO_2-ZrO_2催化剂的基础上采用分步浸渍法制备WO_3-MnO_x/TiO_2-ZrO_2系列催化剂,通过BET比表面积检测法、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)等表征手段对该催化剂微观结构及氧化还原性能进行了相关的表征检测,并通过气固催化床对催化剂氧化脱除Hg~0的性能进行了检测。结果表明,在WO_3、MnO_x负载量分别为7%(质量分数,下同)、5%和TiO_2与ZrO_2摩尔比2∶1的条件下,制备的催化剂比表面积、孔容分别达到161.73m~2/g、0.031 7mL/g,该结构有利于Hg~0吸附,同时无定形MnO_2及Mn_2O_3的负载提升了催化剂的氧化性能,相对于MnO_x/TiO_2-ZrO_2催化剂在200～400℃具有较高的脱汞效率,在SO_2质量浓度小于1 200mg/m~3时,其抗H_2O、抗SO_2性较好。     

脉冲放电协同Ag改性CeO_x/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂对富氧条件下NO_x的脱除

随着机动车尾气中氮氧化物排放量的逐年增加,其对环境还有人体的危害也越来越大,为控制氮氧化物的排放,采用多针-板脉冲放电协同负载Ni、Co、Mn、Ce等金属氧物的复合型γ-Al_2O_3催化剂技术研究其在富氧条件下的脱硝效率,以及NO转化率,并使用Ag对γ-Al_2O_3催化剂进行相关改性制备出金属氧化物复合型催化剂,进而研究其脱硝率。结果表明:CeO_x/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的催化效果好于其他金属氧化物催化剂,其中脉冲放电协同CeO_x/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂脱硝率为40.75%;不同负载量的Ce对催化剂活性影响也不同,协同负载量为1%的CeO_x/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂最佳脱硝效率为48.89%,NO转化率达到67.33%;在Ag改性且Ag负载量为1%后,CeO_x/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂其协同脉冲放电脱硝效率达到51.67%,对其BET表征后发现比表面积增加了3 m~2·g~(-1),同时催化剂上NO_x的还原活化位点增多。实验结果表明Ag改性CeO_x/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂协同脉冲放电在富氧条件下可以有效提高NO_x去除率,为下一步开发更高性能的催化剂提供了研究依据。     

γ-Al_2O_3负载Ni、Fe催化剂同时脱硫脱硝

采用浸渍法制备了不同负载量的Ni(x)Fe(y)/γ-AL2O3催化剂,通过XRD、H2-TPR、BET和SEM对催化剂进行表征,使用微型催化反应装置考察催化剂在以CO作为还原气时,同时脱硫脱硝的催化活性。结果表明,Ni O和Fe2O3做为活性组分可以很好地分散在γ-Al2O3载体上,并且不破坏其结构;Ni(8)Fe(2)/γ-Al2O3催化剂有最佳的脱硫脱硝活性,脱硫率达到96.55%,脱硝率达到97.92%。     

低温非钒基NH3选择性催化还原催化剂的技术需求和研究进展

低温脱硝技术对于氮氧化物(NOx)的脱除意义深远,而NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR) NO技术不仅在燃煤工厂里有应用,也在移动源的NOx的脱除上有应用的潜能.在低温NH3-SCR技术领域,很多非钒基的催化剂材料因其优异的催化性能受到重视.简述了低温SCR技术在能源、水泥、冶金行业的技术需求,并着重介绍了各种催化剂的SCR活性、不同催化剂的催化机制和抗SO2、H2O性能.并由此得出未来工业脱硝对催化剂的高SCR催化活性、高的N2选择性以及良好的抗SO2和H2O性能的要求.     

负载型磷酸氧钒低温脱硝催化剂的制备及其抗硫抗水性能

针对目前低温脱硝催化剂抗硫抗水性较差的不足,以TiO_2为载体负载活性组分V_2O_5,利用磷酸调控表面酸性,制备了磷酸氧钒催化剂VPO/TiO_2,并实验研究了SO_2和水蒸气对其脱硝活性的影响。结果表明:控制P与V的摩尔比为1/5,活性组分(VPO)负载量为10%,焙烧温度为400℃时,催化剂脱硝性能最好,180～400℃温度范围内脱硝率高于98%;反应温度为200℃,烟气中SO_2体积分数为200×10~(-6)～800×10~(-6)和水蒸气体积分数为4%时,催化剂的活性无明显下降。添加磷酸能够促使催化剂表面生成VOPO_4、(VO)_2P_2O_7及V~(4+)/V~(5+)氧化还原电对,提高了催化剂的低温脱硝活性。磷酸可增强催化剂的表面酸性,减少了SO_2的表面吸附及其与活性组分的反应。另外,催化剂表面以介孔为主,可提高未被水分子占据的活性位点量,FT-IR图谱显示抗硫抗水测试后的VPO/TiO_2表面未发现有硫酸根生成,VPO/TiO_2表现出较强的抗SO_2和水蒸气毒化的性能。负载型磷酸氧钒催化剂具有较高的脱硝活性和较强的抗硫抗水性能。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.