复合混凝剂(PFC-PDMDAAC)混凝性能与应用研究

以聚合氯化铁(PFC)和聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为原料制备PFC-PDMDAAC无机-有机复合混凝剂。考察PDMDAAC/Fe质量比(P)及PDMDAAC分子质量分别对混凝剂电荷特性与Fe(Ⅲ)形态分布的影响,并优选复合混凝剂应用于石油开发中钻井废水的处理。结果表明,复合混凝剂Zeta电位随复合质量比(P)及PDMDAAC分子质量增加而增大。随着P增加复合混凝剂中Feb含量增大,当PDMDAAC分子质量为400 000~500 000时,混凝剂中铁的有效形态含量最高,在一定程度上提高复合质量比及有机物分子质量均能提高混凝效率。在优选混凝剂应用处理油田钻井废水实验中,质量比(P)大且PDMDAAC分子质量高的编号为f的复合混凝剂表现出较优的混凝效能,这与混凝性能研究结果相一致。应用响应曲面法优化编号为f的混凝剂处理油田钻井废水混凝条件的结果为,投加量1 679.73 mg/L,p H=9.7。在最优条件下进行验证实验,COD去除率达71.190%,TOC去除率达77.527%,与工业级PAC、PFC处理油田钻井废水效果相比优势较明显。     

可用于去除高盐废水中有机污染物的混凝-Fenton氧化联合工艺

以某环氧树脂生产厂产生的高盐有机废水为对象,对比研究了Fenton、Fenton-混凝、混凝-Fenton等工艺去除废水中有机污染物的效能。考察了Fenton反应中Fe2+、H2O_2投加比、初始pH、反应时间以及混凝反应中混凝剂种类、投加量等参数对处理效果的影响。结果表明:Fenton工艺的最佳条件为亚铁和过氧化氢投加比1∶20,投加量分别为25 mmol·L~(-1)和500 mmol·L~(-1),初始pH 3,反应时间120 min,TOC去除率为62.50%;混凝工艺选择Fe SO_4混凝剂,投加量为300 mg·L~(-1),TOC去除率为23.78%;废水经过Fenton-无混凝剂混凝、Fenton-混凝剂混凝、混凝-一级Fenton氧化和混凝-二级Fenton氧化工艺处理,TOC去除率分别为68.32%、71.51%、80.69%和89.27%。     

干法腈纶废水混凝处理研究

针对干法腈纶废水的特点及目前混凝剂产品使用现状,采用无机混凝剂单一与无机/有机混凝剂复配进行混凝实验,确定最佳混凝剂和最佳混凝条件.结果表明:(1)单一无机混凝剂处理干法腈纶废水时,聚合硫酸铁(PFS)的混凝效果要好于其他无机混凝剂.当废水pH为11.03、PFS用量为700 mg/L时,COD去除率达到20.89%,较现有干法腈纶生产厂家普遍采用的混凝处理方法提高了7.89%～10.89%.(2)PFS与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)复配的混凝效果明显比单一PFS好;PFS与阳离子型PAM复配的混凝效果最好,其最佳用量分别为400、7 mg/L,COD由1 700.00 mg/L降到1 331.44 mg/L,去除率达到21.68%,较现有干法腈纶生产厂家普遍采用的混凝处理方法提高了8.68%～11.68%.     

混凝气浮法处理印染废水的研究

本文首次将我国自制新型高分子混凝剂 FC-D 与国内外几种混凝剂作了对比,并对苏州针织总厂排放的印染废水作了混凝沉淀与混凝气浮处理的比较。确定了最佳 pH 值、无机混凝剂的种类及用量,找出了最佳的高分子混凝剂为 C-D,以及 FC-D 增强脱色的用量和气浮处理的条件,获得了脱色率70%～90%、COD 去除率为70%～85%的效果。     

Fe/C微电解耦合H_2O_2氧化处理页岩气钻井废水

采用Fe/C微电解耦合H_2O_2工艺对经复合混凝处理后的某页岩气井钻井废水进行处理,考察了Fe/C质量比、Fe/C投加量、溶液pH值、气水比、H_2O_2(30%)投加量和反应时间对COD去除率的影响。结果表明,耦合工艺最佳实验条件为Fe/C质量比1∶1、Fe/C投加量500 g·L-1、溶液pH值2.5、气水比20∶1、H_2O_2(30%)投加量6 m L·L-1、反应时间120 min。最佳工艺条件下,页岩气钻井废水经处理后,出水COD质量浓度为89.54 mg·L~(-1),去除率达到81.60%。     

聚硅铝三十(PASC_(30))的制备及混凝效果

制备一种新型的复合聚硅铝三十(PASC30)类絮凝剂,采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色法测定PASC30系列混凝剂的铝形态以Alc为主,含量均在65%以上。将PASC30系列混凝剂与Al Cl3和PASC13混凝剂进行对比,采用混凝法处理腐殖酸-高岭土模拟废水,考察各混凝剂对废水的浊度、UV254、p H和Zeta电位的影响。结果表明,PASC30系列混凝剂表现出更出色的混凝效果,在低投加量时就能达到Al Cl3和PASC13混凝剂高投加量时的混凝效果。PASC30系列混凝剂对废水的浊度和UV254的最佳去除率分别达到96%和80%以上。随着投加量增大,PASC30系列混凝剂的出水p H不断降低,但是变化范围很小。不同硅/铝比对PASC30的混凝效果也有一定的影响,但是影响不大。     

用聚硅酸铁铝对垃圾渗沥液进行预处理的研究

采用一种新型高效的无机高分子混凝剂——聚硅酸铁铝(PSAF)用于垃圾渗沥液亚滤装置的预处理。结果表明，在PSAF的投加量为150mg/L，pH为5．0和沉降时间为60min的条件下，混凝效果最佳，浊度去除率可达92％左右，色废去除率可达91％左右，CODcr去除率可达70％左右。同时探讨了该混凝剂处理垃圾渗沥液的反应机理。     

电化学转盘/电凝聚法处理模拟活性染料废水的研究

采用一种新的电化学方法--电化学转盘/电凝聚法来处理模拟活性翠蓝KN-G废水,考察了电压、转速、pH、反应时间对色度、TOC去除率的影响,并确定了最佳反应条件.在最佳反应条件(电压12 V,转速70 r/min,pH为4～5,反应时间为60 min)下,色度和TOC去除率可分别达到95.3%和73.5%.并初步探讨了活性翠蓝KN-G的降解机理.     

响应面法优化Fenton试剂法处理槟榔废水

本实验研究了Fenton试剂法处理槟榔废水的工艺条件。基于Box-Behnken响应曲面法,考察了初始p H值、双氧水投加量、硫酸亚铁投加量和反应时间的单独作用和交互作用,并建立了TOC去除率数学模型。实验表明,在初始p H值为5,双氧水投加量为50 mg/L,硫酸亚铁投加量为12.5 g/L,反应时间为120 min,0.2%PAM加入量为0.2 m L时,整个反应过程对TOC去除率可达到64.1%。通过Box-Behnken响应曲面可知,双氧水投加量、硫酸亚铁投加量的交互作用对TOC去除率有显著影响,其中双氧水投加量对TOC去除率的影响极显著。Fenton试剂处理槟榔废水最佳的工艺条件为:双氧水投加量为54.2 m L/L,硫酸亚铁投加量12.55 g/L,初始p H值为4.98,反应时间为103.5 min。在此条件下TOC去除率为70.18%。     

混凝——吸附法处理油墨废水工艺研究

采用不同无机混凝剂及氧化还原剂对打印机生产中的油墨废水的混凝及脱色效果进行试验比较，确定了实验室工艺条件及各种混凝剂最佳用量及次序。结果表明，该工艺脱色率达１００％，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达５１％。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.