施肥技术在茭白-水稻轮作系统中对生态环境及产量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了3种不同施肥处理对茭白-水稻轮作系统中土壤理化性质与产品产量的影响.结果表明,在水稻收获后,有机肥处理的土壤容重达到最低,为1.15 g/cm3; 总孔隙度最大,为54.92%;贮水量最高,为27.36 mm.施用有机肥能提高土壤肥力,有机肥处理的土壤有机质、全氮总体最大,0～10 cm土壤有机质,...     

不同有机物料对次生盐渍化设施土壤的修复效果研究

在设施大棚内,将不同用量的有机物料(商品有机肥、稻草、砻糠)还田栽培"春光"西瓜,研究有机物料对设施土壤盐渍化的防治效果。在连续2年4季的设施栽培过程中,分5次采集土壤样品,测定土壤有机质、全盐量、电导率(EC)、容重、孔隙度、最小持水量等物理化学性状指标。结果表明,有机物料对改善设施土壤次生盐渍化有一定作用,不仅降低了土壤全盐量和EC,提高土壤有机质含量,还可改善设施土壤结构,降低土壤容重,提高总孔隙度,改善土壤的水气矛盾。其中,高用量(9 000kg/hm2)砻糠处理组对设施土壤盐渍化修复效果最佳,土壤硝酸盐比单施无机肥料的对照组降低67.1%,有机质提高41.9%,最小持水量提高43.6%,土壤总孔隙度提高32.3%。     

不同土地利用类型土壤微生物群落特征及其影响因素

土壤微生物群落结构特征能够提前反映土壤环境质量的变化,是土壤质量评价的重要因子。为弄清不同土地利用类型土壤微生物群落特征及其影响因素,以内蒙古呼和浩特赛罕区为研究区,从绿地、园林地、耕地以及荒废地4种不同土地利用类型土壤进行采样研究。研究结果表明:4种不同土地利用类型土壤中主要菌种为细菌、真菌以及放线菌,放线菌比例最大,其次是细菌,真菌比例最小。采样深度、温度、土地利用类型及含水率均影响微生物群落特征。随着采样深度的增加,4种土地利用类型土壤中微生物数量不断减少,0～10cm微生物总数最多。荒废地土壤微生物数量最多,因为荒废地土层中有机质含量高,为微生物的生长提供了营养物质。含水率过高或过低均不利于微生物生长,当处于最佳含水率时微生物数量最大。对于绿地和园林地而言,最佳含水率为10%～15%,耕地最佳含水率为15%～20%,荒废地最佳含水率为10%左右。     

稻田土壤溶液中溶解性有机氮、碳的空间分布及其微生物降解特性

通过测坑定位试验,测定了稻田不同深度土壤溶液中溶解性有机氮(DON)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)的含量,并将原位提取的土壤溶液加入到人工土壤中,开展土壤溶液中DON、DOC的微生物降解试验,研究不同施肥处理DON、DOC的含量分布及其微生物降解特性。结果表明:(1)两种施肥处理0~10cm土壤溶液中TN、DON显著低于其他两层土壤;土壤溶液中DON占TN的比例均在62.9%~79.8%,为氮素组成的主要形式。(2)有机无机混合肥处理中DOC占TC的比例随土壤深度加大而逐渐增加,比例为21.1%~25.1%,而无机肥处理中DOC占TC比例则是逐渐下降,比例为18.9%~20.0%。(3)稻田土壤溶液中DON和DOC具有较好的微生物降解特性。降解28d后,DON占初始DON的30.1%~34.9%,而DOC占初始DOC的24.3%~28.2%。     

污水厂污泥堆肥及制作化肥技术研究与应用

利用污水处理厂脱水后的污泥,经粉煤灰水分调节后进入动态堆肥装置,好氧发酵成为性状良好的腐殖颗粒,然后经过一定工艺制成一种有机-无机复合化肥,其N、P、K含量达到25%,有机质含量大于30%,含水量小于10%,pH值6～8.将化肥用在农田的水稻种植,水稻的亩产量增产11.4%,各项指标均符合国家标准.     

基质施入污泥对马尼拉草和波斯菊生长的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究污泥和土壤的混合对马尼拉草和波斯菊生长和生理指标的影响.结果表明,当污泥施用比在10％ ～ 15％之间,对马尼拉草的生长有促进作用,其株高、生物量、叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均优于对照组,丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照组相近;污泥施用比大于30％时,则明显地抑制马尼拉草的生长.当污泥施用比在3％～5％之间时,可促进波斯菊的生长,其株高、花数、叶绿素含量均大于对照组,MDA随时间的增长有减小的趋势,CAT活性较高;而污泥施用比大于10％时,则显著地抑制波斯菊的生长.     

不同复垦年限煤矸山土壤重金属有效态含量及其影响因素分析

研究煤矸山不同年限复垦土壤重金属有效态含量及其影响因素对指导煤矸山植被复垦及复垦地利用具有重要意义。以山西省典型煤矸山复垦3、10、16年灌草地为研究对象,分析了3种复垦土样的理化性质及重金属Cd、Pb、Cu的总量、有效态含量、生物有效性系数。结果表明:(1)3种复垦土样电导率(EC)、有机质和碱解氮含量均随复垦年限的增加而增加,但黏粒和有效磷含量呈下降趋势;(2)总体看来,3种复垦土样Cd、Pb、Cu有效态含量随复垦年限的增加而增加,Cd、Pb生物有效性系数在0~40cm土层、Cu生物有效性系数在20~40cm土层也有此趋势;(3)土壤pH、EC、有机质、黏粒质量分数均不同程度地影响煤矸山复垦土壤Cd、Pb、Cu有效态含量,其中有机质和黏粒含量是关键影响因子。     

矿山边坡绿化基质的优化配比

矿山边坡生态恢复和重建是矿区生态环境建设的有效途径,而绿化基质是矿山边坡生态恢复和重建的重要因素。基于正交实验和盆栽实验,以土壤、活性污泥、炉渣、粉煤灰、保水剂、尿素和秸秆等物质为基质原料,研究绿化基质的理化性质及出苗率特征。研究结果表明:与对照黄土相比,绿化基质pH相对较低,仍属于碱性土壤,而电导率、有机质和铵态氮相对较高,表明盐分和养分含量较高;污泥的配比含量是影响绿化基质入渗、蒸发、pH、电导率、有机质和出苗率等指标的关键因素;各因素对出苗率的影响强度从大到小依次为:污泥和粉煤灰、秸秆、土壤和炉渣、尿素、保水剂;基质的最优配比为:保水剂(11~15 g)、污泥和粉煤灰(150∶600)、土壤和炉渣(375∶375~600∶150)、尿素(0 g)、秸秆(30 g)。     

施粪肥土壤中抗生素的提取条件优化及残留特征

为确立高效的土壤抗生素提取条件,揭示施用粪肥土壤中抗生素的残留水平,分别采集江苏省常州市某养猪场新鲜猪粪样品6份、施用粪肥及无机肥水稻土壤样品各13份,对土壤抗生素提取液配比与超声提取时间进行筛选,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)对生猪粪便和土壤中的四大类(四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类和大环内脂类)15种抗生素含量进行检测分析。结果表明,最优提取条件选择为:提取液配比为甲醇:EDTA=1∶1,超声提取时间为10 min,四环素类抗生素的加标回收率为73.2%~93.4%,磺胺类为81.2%~101.1%,喹诺酮类为106.3%~110.8%。该养猪场猪粪与施粪肥土壤中均未检测到大环内脂类抗生素,其余各类抗生素平均残留量从高到低排序分别为:猪粪中四环素类磺胺类喹诺酮类;施粪肥土壤中四环素类喹诺酮类磺胺类,四环素类是最主要的抗生素污染物,残留量分别为猪粪中1.9~12.5 mg·kg-1、施粪肥土壤中23.9~212.4μg·kg-1;施无机肥土壤中未检测出抗生素,施粪肥土壤中的抗生素来源于生猪粪便。     

环保型节氮肥料——脲铵在晚稻上的施用效果研究

在晚稻上施用脲铵与尿素,探索脲铵和尿素对水稻产量与氮肥吸收利用率(REN)的影响效果.结果表明:(1)尽管两种氮肥含氮量不同,但施用脲铵处理的折施纯氮量比尿素处理减少34.78％,晚稻产量并不减少,反而略有增加.(2)为了保证水稻产量、提高REN,当地水稻种植选择脲铵代替尿素作为氮肥效果较好,且推荐施用脲铵量为450～525 kg/hm2为宜.(3)施用脲铵量较高的REN优于施用量较低,施用脲铵525～600 kg/hm2(折施纯氮量为157.5～180.0 kg/hm2)时,REN为34％左右;施用脲铵375～450 kg/hm2时,REN约低5百分点.(4)在不施用有机肥料的条件下,从植株吸收氮量看,折施纯氮量180～200 kg/hm2,才能达到氮素收支基本平衡.因此,适量施用脲铵并配施有机肥或稻草还田,可以缓解氮素不平衡的问题.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.