直链烷基苯磺酸钠在厌氧-缺氧-好氧污水处理系统中的迁移转化规律

研究了城市污水处理系统对直链烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）的去除特性.在厌氧-缺氧-好氧条件下,进行了相应的序批式试验,确定了水相和泥相中LAS降解的动力学参数,建立了LAS在厌氧-缺氧-好氧状态下的去除动力学模型（考虑吸附作用）,并对模型预测的结果与实际测量值进行了比较.结果表明,在不同的泥龄下,LAS 在AAO系统中去除率达到99%,出水中只含微量的LAS（0～20　μg·L^-1）.厌氧池、缺氧池及好氧池LAS污泥吸附量分别为490～710、280～390、69～109　μg·g^-1.序批式动力学降解试验还表明,厌氧去除速率系数K_厌、缺氧的去除速率系数K_缺与好氧的去除速率常数的比值分别为0.67和0.71,说明在同一污泥系统的厌氧和缺氧条件下,LAS也能被较好的降解.模型得到的各池混合液出水中LAS的浓度模拟结果与实测结果符合较好(误差<8%).     

厌氧、缺氧、好氧环境下富磷剩余污泥的释磷机制

以采用A/O生物强化除磷工艺水质净化厂排出的富磷剩余污泥为研究对象,利用棕色消化瓶设计3组释磷试验,讨论厌氧、缺氧、好氧环境下富磷剩余污泥消化释磷的机制. 结果表明:富磷剩余污泥在厌氧和缺氧环境下均有明显的释磷现象,平均释磷速率分别为1.614和0.998 mg/(L·d);厌氧和缺氧环境下释磷量与聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)之间的计量关系比较表明,释磷过程中包含有明显的微生物释磷机制,同时还存在着物理化学方面引起的释磷机制,硝酸盐抑制剩余污泥中磷的释放主要是通过影响其微生物学机制完成的.      

A two-stage anaerobic system for biodegrading wastewater containing terephthalic acid and high strength easily degradable pollutants

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｅｒｅｐｈｔｈａｌｉｃａｃｉｄ (ＴＡ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｒａｗｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐｅｔｒｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｓｕｃｈａｓｒｅｓｉｎ ,ｔｅｒｙｌｅｎｅｆｉｂｒｅ ,ｐｌａｓｔｉｃｆｉｌｍａｎｄｄｙｅａｎｄｓｏｏｎ .Ｉｎ 1999,ｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｏｕｔｐｕｔｏｆＴＡｗａｓａｂｏｕｔ10 0ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎｔｏｎｐｅｒｙｅａｒ,ａｎｄｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓｏｒａｒｅａｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇＴＡｉｎｃｌｕｄｅＵＳＡ ,Ｊａｐａｎ ,Ｓｏｕ…     

UAFB-缺氧-好氧MBR组合工艺处理生活污水效能研究

为了同时达到从生活污水中回收能源性气体和深度处理生活污水的目的,试验采用升流式厌氧污泥固定床(up-flowanaerobic fixed bed,UAFB)-缺氧-好氧膜生物反应(membrane bioreactor,MBR)组合工艺处理生活污水.试验重点研究了组合工艺对生活污水的处理效能,包括能源性气体的产生效能、对污染物质的处理效能以及对污泥浓度的控制.UAFB-缺氧-好氧MBR组合工艺在温度20℃、厌氧HRT为3 h、缺氧HRT为3 h、好氧HRT为3.5 h的条件下运行,甲烷气体的产生量为1.55L/d,COD去除率为93.28%,NH 4+-N去除率为90.60%,UAFB出水VFAs总量54.74 mg/L,TN去除率为45.51%.试验发现,组合工艺可以长期维持反应器内较低的污泥浓度,大大减小了剩余污泥的处理量,在一定程度上实现了污泥减量化,同时较低的污泥浓度有利于缓解膜污染.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in a combined A2/O-BAF system with a short aerobic SRT

A bench-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic process-biological aerated filter （A^2/O-BAF） combined system was carded out to treat wastewater with lower C/N and C/P ratios. The A^2/O process was operated in a short aerobic sludge retention time （SRT） for organic pollutants and phosphorus removal, and denitrification. The subsequent BAF process was mainly used for nitrification. The BAF effluent was partially returned to anoxic zone of the A^2/O process to provide electron acceptors for denitrification and anoxic P uptake. This unique system formed an environment for reproducing the denitdfying phosphate-accumulating organisms （DPAOs）. The ratio of DPAOs to phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs） could be maintained at 28% by optimizing the organic loads in the anaerobic zone and the nitrate loads into the anoxic zone in the A^2/O process. The aerobic phosphorus over-uptake and discharge of excess activated sludge was the main mechanism of phosphorus removal in the combined system. The aerobic SRT of the A^2/O process should meet the demands for the development of aerobic PAOs and the restraint on the nitrifiers growth, and the contact time in the aerobic zone of the A^2/O process should be longer than 30 min, which ensured efficient phosphorus removal in the combined system. The adequate BAF effluent return rates should be controlled with 1--4 mg/L nitrate nitrogen in the anoxic zone effluent of A^2/O process to achieve the optimal nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies.     

Optimum operation conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus removal by a biofilm-activated-sludge system

In the biofilm and activated sludge combined system,denitrifying bacteria attached on the fibrous carriers in the anoxic tank,while the sludge containing nitrifying and phosphorus removal bacteria was only recirculated between the aerobic and anaerobic tanks.Therefore,the factors affected and restricted nitrification,denitrification and phosphorus removal in a traditional A/A/O process were resolved.This paper describes the optimum operation conditions for nitrogen and phosphorus removal using this system.     

一体化工艺中反硝化聚磷菌比例测定研究

反硝化聚磷菌可以在缺氧条件下利用硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮作为电子受体完成吸磷过程,确定反硝化聚磷菌比例对于强化反硝化除磷作用具有重要意义。从一体化活性污泥工艺中取污泥混合液,加入蔗糖合200mg/LCOD后进行厌氧搅拌,2h后将厌氧污泥分成三等份,其中两份分别加入10mg/LNO3--N、10mg/LNO2--N后缺氧搅拌2h,另一份用充氧仪曝气2h。根据厌氧、缺氧/好氧交替过程中不同电子受体下的除磷量,可以简便的确定反硝化聚磷菌在全部聚磷菌中的比例,结果表明该一体化工艺中反硝化聚磷菌在全部聚磷菌中的比例达到98.92%。     

PCR-DGGE技术分析倒置A~2/O工艺处理染织废水中的微生物区系

基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)技术研究了倒置A2/O(anoxic-anaerobic-aerobic)工艺处理染织废水过程中的微生物群落结构.从兼氧、厌氧和好氧区共取6个不同处理阶段的样品,测量了不同处理阶段样品的COD、pH、NH4+-N、H2S、总磷(TP)、污泥含量(TS)、色度及其脱除率,并分析了这些指标的变化规律.结果显示,COD在处理后期降到了145mg·L-1,NH4+-N的脱除率可达到85%,硫化氢的去除率达到了90%以上,磷的脱除率可达80%以上,TS处于逐渐升高的趋势,色度的脱除率达到65%.DGGE图谱显示,好氧处理阶段的微生物多样性明显比兼氧处理和厌氧处理的阶段的要丰富.     

HITNP同步除磷脱氮新工艺

HITNP同步除磷脱氮新工艺采用复合式活性污泥生物膜系统,避免了硝化菌和聚磷菌的污泥龄矛盾.利用反硝化除磷的“一碳两用”缓解原水碳源不足的矛盾.通过独特的硝化液回流方式,使全部污泥经历了释磷和聚磷循环,厌氧池污泥浓度是缺氧池污泥浓度的1.5～2倍,对进水中的大分子有机物降解效果好,厌氧池COD的去除率高,强化系统的除磷能力.以低碳氮比的生活污水为处理对象,长期的运行结果表明,该工艺出水中的总磷、氨氮、总氮和COD的去除率分别为91.1% 、88.7%、58.1%和88.6%.出水水质平均值为磷0.27 　mg/L,氨氮1.74 　mg/L,总氮17.30 　mg/L和COD 24.38 　mg/L.HITNP同步除磷脱氮新工艺具有稳定的同步除磷脱氮效果,出水达到国家城市污水厂污染物排放标准GB18918-2002一级B标准要求.     

间歇式生物反应器中PHACs的吸附降解性及动力学特性

利用间歇反应器考察了非那西丁(PNT)、吉非罗齐(GFZ)、咖啡因(CAF)、双氯芬酸(DCF)和胆固醇(CH)5种医药类污染物分别在厌氧、缺氧及好氧条件下的吸附与降解特性,并通过动力学拟合深入考察目标物的降解速率及所符合的反应级数.研究表明,PNT在4 h内就能得到100%的降解,GFZ与CH能通过吸附与降解得到部分或全部去除.好氧条件下目标物的泥水分配系数kp值与降解速率均高于缺氧与厌氧条件,好氧条件下CAF的去除率达到99%以上.5种目标物除PNT外都有不同程度的吸附,目标物的污泥吸附能力为CHDCFGFZCAF;动力学拟合结果表明,生物降解动力学一级反应速率PNTCAF,二级反应速率CHGFZ;DCF几乎不能被生物降解,但符合二级吸附动力学模型,其平衡吸附量最高可达总投加量的71%.     

Advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in A2O-BAF system treating low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater

A laboratory-scale anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process (A²O) with a small aerobic zone and a bigger anoxic zone and biologic aerated filter (A²O-BAF) system was operated to treat low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio domestic wastewater. The A²O process was employed mainly for organic matter and phosphorus removal, and for denitrification. The BAF was only used for nitrification which coupled with a settling tank Compared with a conventional A²O process, the suspended activated sludge in this A²O-BAF process contained small quantities of nitrifier, but nitrification overwhelmingly conducted in BAF. So the system successfully avoided the contradiction in sludge retention time (SRT) between nitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) played an important role in removing up to 91% of phosphorus along with nitrogen, which indicated that the suspended activated sludge process presented a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. The average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and NH₄⁺-N were 85.56%, 92.07%, 81.24% and 98.7% respectively. The effluent quality consistently satisfied the national first level A effluent discharge standard of China. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 85.4 mL·g⁻¹ additionally, the volume ratio of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zone in A²O process was also investigated, and the results demonstrated that the optimum value was 1:6:2.     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ -P and total nitrogen (TN) was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NOx− -N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.     

同步反硝化聚磷的试验研究

采用SBR反应器和人工合成废水研究了同步反硝化聚磷的条件和影响因素.试验结果表明,厌氧/好氧方式下驯养的生物除磷污泥,在厌氧期之后供给硝酸盐,则污泥可以很快实现同步反硝化聚磷.聚磷前厌氧阶段的存在是实现反硝化聚磷必不可少的重要前提.在没有NO₃^-干扰而且乙酸钠为唯一碳源下,最佳厌氧时间为60min.先于缺氧期微生物接触硝酸盐,会使反硝化聚磷减弱甚至丧失.缺氧段NO₃^--浓度是影响反硝化聚磷效果的因素之一.在厌氧(2h)-缺氧(1h)-好氧(2h)的试验条件下,当NO₃^--N浓度由5mg/L上升至20mg/L时,其反硝化聚磷效率由11.9%上升至48.7%.但NO₃^--N浓度提高到了20mg/L以上时,其效率提高得不很明显.好氧段的存在不会使诱导形成的反硝化聚磷消失,但缩短好氧时间有助于提高DNPA在除磷中的比例.     

HRT对A2O工艺中典型多环麝香迁移转化的影响

研究了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)条件下佳乐麝香(galaxolide,HHCB)与吐纳麝香(tonalide,AHTN)在A2O工艺各池水相和泥相中的变化情况.采用固相萃取与气相质谱联用的方法对水相与泥相中目标物的质量浓度进行检测.结果表明,HRT主要影响HHCB在A2O工艺中的生物降解和随剩余污泥排放的比重,影响AHTN随剩余污泥排放的比重.随着HRT的增大,HHCB、AHTN在厌氧池中的去除率与去除贡献率逐渐减小,而缺氧池与好氧池的去除率与去除贡献率相对增大.2种目标物在4个HRT工况(6、8、10、12 h)下的总去除率分别为73.93%、73.05%、75.14%、76.00%和48.76%、44.27%、57.17%、62.9%.A2O工艺对HHCB的去除效果较好,而对AHTN的去除效果较差.HRT的增大对HHCB的去除影响不大,而对AHTN的去除有促进作用.     

两种生物除磷系统活性污泥中除磷菌的甄别——淀粉-缺氧/好氧交替与乙酸盐-厌氧/好氧交替系统

为了直接识别出污泥中的聚磷细菌和其种属,本研究采用4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)染色和流式细胞荧光分选技术(FACS)对以淀粉为唯一碳源的缺氧/好氧序批式活性污泥(SBR)系统(R1)的缺氧末期和好氧末期以及以乙酸盐为唯一碳源的厌氧/好氧SBR系统(R2)的好氧末期污泥的聚磷细菌进行了原位分选,并通过16S rRNA高通量测序技术鉴定了分选后细菌的种属.结果表明,在R1中,缺氧期和好氧期均进行生物除磷,且缺氧期吸磷量大于好氧期. R2中发生着厌氧期释磷、好氧期大量吸磷的传统生物除磷.利用FACS在R1和R2污泥中均分选得到10⁶个相对纯度为85%的具有聚磷颗粒的细菌.测序结果表明,在R1系统中,缺氧段优势的聚磷菌属为Halomonas(37.75%)、unclassified Brucellaceae(14.15%)、Pseudomonas(6.49%)、unclassified Chlamydiales(0.027%)和Sphingopyxis(0.007%);好氧段优势聚磷菌属为Halomonas(19.72%)、unclassified Brucellaceae(14.62%)、Pseudomonas(14.28%)、unclassified Comamonadaceae(0.046%)、unclassified Acidobacteria Gp3(0.036%)和Ferruginibacter(0.026%).R1系统中unclassified Chlamydiales和Sphingopyxis仅仅在缺氧条件下具有聚磷功能,而unclassified Comamonadaceae、unclassified Acidobacteria Gp3和Ferruginibacter仅在好氧条件下才具有聚磷功能.在R2系统中,优势聚磷菌群为Dechloromonas(11.06%)、unclassified Anaerolineaceae(9.29%)、unclassified Bacteroidetes(7.44%)、unclassified Gammaproteobacteria(7.34%)以及Acinetobacter(0.31%).这意味着在新型的除磷系统(R1)中,参与除磷过程的细菌包括好氧,缺氧和兼性缺氧聚磷细菌,而在传统的除磷系统(R2)中,参与除磷过程的细菌仅为好氧聚磷细菌.     

内碳源短程反硝化启动及EPD-ANAMMOX耦合工艺性能

接种普通活性污泥,以乙酸盐为碳源,控制进水COD/P为150∶1,在A/O SBR反应器内富集培养了聚糖菌;采用逐渐提高SBR厌氧末硝酸盐投加浓度的方法,将聚糖菌驯化诱导为反硝化聚糖菌结果.SBR厌氧末排水中COD与缺氧末排水基本相同,COD平均去除率达到86.74％,总氮去除率达到98％以上.然后缩短SBR的厌氧及缺...     

兼氧、好氧污泥对对苯二甲酸的生物吸附及降解

研究了连续试验方法培养的未驯化兼氧、好氧污泥对TA的吸附、解吸规律。结果表明,TA在活性污泥上的吸附、解吸规律符合Freudlich等温方程,该方程能较好的预测好氧反应器污泥对TA的吸附量;活性污泥的Freudlich吸附常数和解吸常数不同,表明污泥的生物吸附是一部分不可逆过程;好氧污泥对TA的吸附量大于兼氧污泥。连续试验过程中,反应器内活性污泥对TA的去除机制主要是生物降解作用,而不是生物吸附作用。     

A2/O污水处理工艺中基质转化机理研究

以实际污水培养驯化污泥的小试规模A²/O工艺为研究对象,对系统中基质的转化机理及硝态氮对基质转化的影响进行了批式试验研究.结果表明,在无硝态氮存在于厌氧环境的系统中,厌氧段消耗的COD有51%可被聚磷菌吸收并合成为聚羟基链烷酸(PHAs);缺氧和好氧条件下的比吸磷速率为3.87和6.54 mg/(g·h),利用单位PHAs的吸磷量(r_P/PHA)分别为0.38和0.78.而在有硝态氮存在于厌氧环境的系统中,厌氧段消耗的COD仅有30.8%可被聚磷菌吸收并合成PHAs,61.5%用于还原硝态氮;缺氧和好氧条件下的比吸磷速率为2.24和4.58 mg/(g·h),r_P/PHA值分别为0.35和0.77.同时,在这2个系统中厌氧阶段释放的磷和消耗的COD成良好的线性关系.硝态氮存在于厌氧环境会降低聚磷菌的厌氧释磷速率和效率,使PHAs的合成量减少,从而降低聚磷菌的缺氧和好氧吸磷速率,但并不会影响其吸磷能力.     

倒置A^2／O工艺出水指标预测和评价方法的研究

研究了用一种简单的静态物理模型取代复杂的数学动态模型,实现对实际污水处理效果的实时预测及评价的方法。应用国际水协（IWA）GPS-X模拟软件中的ASM2d模型,建立了不同进水水质和不同运行参数条件下倒置A^2／O工艺出水TSS、COD、TN、NH4^＋-N、TP和溶解性磷酸盐浓度的数据库,结果表明,该数据库可以对倒置A^2／O工艺出水指标进行预测。以预测的出水指标和实际出水指标之间的差值为指标因素,采用专家打分法确定指标权重,通过对指标的分级界定建立因素指标的隶属函数,最后运用模糊综合评判的方法实现了对倒置A^2／O工艺处理效果的评价,建立了倒置A^2／O工艺处理效果的数学模型。     

进水条件对侧流活性污泥水解工艺性能和微生物的影响

针对传统生物脱氮除磷工艺性能易受进水条件变化影响的缺点,构建了侧流活性污泥水解(SSH)工艺反应器,比较研究了该反应器与常规厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A2/O)工艺反应器在不同进水条件下的污染物处理性能和微生物群落的变化规律。试验结果表明:A2/O和SSH反应器化学需氧量(COD)去除性能的变化较小,整体COD去除率均维持在90%左右。进水负荷和流量的升高有利于提高脱氮除磷效果。A2/O和SSH反应器的总氮去除率分别从阶段Ⅰ的58%和72%升高到阶段Ⅲ的67%和83%,总磷去除率均从60%左右升高到85%以上。与A2/O反应器相比,进水条件变化对SSH反应器脱氮性能的影响较小。相同进水条件下SSH反应器脱氮性能更好,总氮平均去除率比A2/O反应器高出23%。高通量测序结果表明,SSH反应器中微生物群落的多样性更高,Dechloromonas、Accumulibacter等脱氮除磷功能菌的相对丰度更高,是反应器出水水质良好且稳定的重要原因。研究成果可为SSH工艺的设计与实际应用提供参考依据。