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1.
Yazvenko SB McDonald TL Blokhin SA Johnson SR Melton HR Newcomer MW Nielson R Wainwright PW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,134(1-3):93-106
Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 consortium, is developing oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf
off northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia. DalMorNefteGeofizika (DMNG) on behalf of the Sakhalin-1 consortium conducted a 3-D
seismic survey of the Odoptu license area during 17 August–9 September 2001. A portion of the primary feeding area of the
endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is located in the vicinity of the seismic survey. This paper presents data to assess whether western gray whale bottom feeding
activity, as indicated by visible mud plumes, was affected by seismic operations. The mitigation and monitoring program associated
with the seismic survey included aerial surveys during 19 July–19 November 2001. These aerial surveys documented the local
and regional distribution, abundance, and bottom feeding activity of western gray whales. Data on gray whale feeding activity
before, during and after the seismic survey were collected, with the whales assumed to be feeding on the benthos if mud plumes
were observed on the surface. The data were used to assess the influence of seismic survey and other factors (including environmental)
on feeding activity of western gray whales. A stepwise multiple regression analysis failed to find a statistically significant
effect (α = 0.05) of the seismic survey on frequency of occurrence of mud plumes of western gray whales used as a proxy to evaluate
bottom feeding activity in Piltun feeding area. The regression indicated that transect number (a proxy for water depth, related
to distance from shore) and swell height (a proxy for sea state) were the only variables that had a significant effect on
frequency of whale mud plumes. It is concluded that the 2001 seismic survey had no measurable effect (α = 0.05) on bottom feeding activity of western gray whales off Sakhalin Island.
M.W. Newcomer, deceased 相似文献
2.
Yazvenko SB McDonald TL Blokhin SA Johnson SR Meier SK Melton HR Newcomer MW Nielson RM Vladimirov VL Wainwright PW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,134(1-3):45-73
Exxon Neftegas Limited, operator of the Sakhalin-1 consortium, is developing oil and gas reserves on the continental shelf
off northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia. DalMorNefteGeofizika (DMNG), on behalf of the Sakhalin-1 consortium, conducted a 3-D
seismic survey of the Odoptu license area during 17 August–9 September 2001. A portion of the primary known feeding area of
the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) is located adjacent to the seismic block. The data presented here were collected as part of daily monitoring to determine
if there was any measurable effect of the seismic survey on the distribution and abundance of western gray whales. Mitigation
and monitoring program included aerial surveys conducted between 19 July and 19 November using the methodology outlined by
the Southern California High Energy Seismic Survey team (HESS). These surveys provided documentation of the distribution,
abundance and bottom feeding activity of western gray whales in relation to seismic survey sounds. From an operations perspective,
the aerial surveys provided near real-time data on the location of whales in and outside the feeding area, and documented
whether whales were displaced out of an area normally used as feeding habitat. The objectives of this study were to assess
(a) temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of gray whales in relation to seismic survey, and (b) the influence
of seismic survey, environmental factors, and other variables on the distribution and abundance of gray whales within their
preferred feeding area adjacent to Piltun Bay. Multiple regression analysis revealed a limited redistribution of gray whales
southward within the Piltun feeding area when the seismic survey was fully operational. A total of five environmental and
other variables unrelated to seismic survey (date and proxies of depth, sea state and visibility) and one seismic survey-related
variable (seg3d, i.e., received sound energy accumulated over 3 days) had statistically significant effects on the distribution and abundance
of gray whales. The distribution of two to four gray whales observed on the surface (i.e., about five to ten whales in total)
has likely been affected by the seismic survey. However, the total number of gray whales observed within the Piltun feeding
area remained stable during the seismic survey.
M. W. Newcomer, Deceased. 相似文献
3.
The introduction of anthropogenic sounds into the marine environment can impact some marine mammals. Impacts can be greatly
reduced if appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring are implemented. This paper concerns such measures undertaken by
Exxon Neftegas Limited, as operator of the Sakhalin-1 Consortium, during the Odoptu 3-D seismic survey conducted during 17
August–9 September 2001. The key environmental issue was protection of the critically endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), which feeds in summer and fall primarily in the Piltun feeding area off northeast Sakhalin Island. Existing mitigation
and monitoring practices for seismic surveys in other jurisdictions were evaluated to identify best practices for reducing
impacts on feeding activity by western gray whales. Two buffer zones were established to protect whales from physical injury
or undue disturbance during feeding. A 1 km buffer protected all whales from exposure to levels of sound energy potentially
capable of producing physical injury. A 4–5 km buffer was established to avoid displacing western gray whales from feeding
areas. Trained Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) on the seismic ship Nordic Explorer had the authority to shut down the air guns if whales were sighted within these buffers.
Additional mitigation measures were also incorporated: Temporal mitigation was provided by rescheduling the program from June–August
to August–September to avoid interference with spring arrival of migrating gray whales. The survey area was reduced by 19%
to avoid certain waters <20 m deep where feeding whales concentrated and where seismic acquisition was a lower priority. The
number of air guns and total volume of the air guns were reduced by about half (from 28 to 14 air guns and from 3,390 in3 to 1,640 in3) relative to initial plans. “Ramp-up” (=“soft-start”) procedures were implemented.
Monitoring activities were conducted as needed to implement some mitigation measures, and to assess residual impacts. Aerial
and vessel-based surveys determined the distribution of whales before, during and after the seismic survey. Daily aerial reconnaissance
helped verify whale-free areas and select the sequence of seismic lines to be surveyed. A scout vessel with MMOs aboard was
positioned 4 km shoreward of the active seismic vessel to provide better visual coverage of the 4–5 km buffer and to help
define the inshore edge of the 4–5 km buffer. A second scout vessel remained near the seismic vessel. Shore-based observers
determined whale numbers, distribution, and behavior during and after the seismic survey. Acoustic monitoring documented received
sound levels near and in the main whale feeding area.
Statistical analyses of aerial survey data indicated that about 5–10 gray whales moved away from waters near (inshore of)
the seismic survey during seismic operations. They shifted into the core gray whale feeding area farther south, and the proportion
of gray whales observed feeding did not change over the study period.
Five shutdowns of the air guns were invoked for gray whales seen within or near the buffer. A previously unknown gray whale
feeding area (the Offshore feeding area) was discovered south and offshore from the nearshore Piltun feeding area. The Offshore
area has subsequently been shown to be used by feeding gray whales during several years when no anthropogenic activity occurred
near the Piltun feeding area.
Shore-based counts indicated that whales continued to feed inshore of the Odoptu block throughout the seismic survey, with
no significant correlation between gray whale abundance and seismic activity. Average values of most behavioral parameters
were similar to those without seismic surveys. Univariate analysis showed no correlation between seismic sound levels and
any behavioral parameter. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after allowance for environmental covariates, 5 of
11 behavioral parameters were statistically correlated with estimated seismic survey-related variables; 6 of 11 behavioral
parameters were not statistically correlated with seismic survey-related variables. Behavioral parameters that were correlated
with seismic variables were transient and within the range of variation attributable to environmental effects.
Acoustic monitoring determined that the 4–5 km buffer zone, in conjunction with reduction of the air gun array to 14 guns
and 1,640 in3, was effective in limiting sound exposure. Within the Piltun feeding area, these mitigation measures were designed to insure
that western gray whales were not exposed to received levels exceeding the 163 dB re 1 μPa (rms) threshold.
This was among the most complex and intensive mitigation programs ever conducted for any marine mammal. It provided valuable
new information about underwater sounds and gray whale responses during a nearshore seismic program that will be useful in
planning future work. Overall, the efforts in 2001 were successful in reducing impacts to levels tolerable by western gray
whales. Research in 2002–2005 suggested no biologically significant or population-level impacts of the 2001 seismic survey.
M. W. Newcomer is deceased. 相似文献
4.
A geophysical seismic survey was conducted in the summer of 2001 off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. The
area of seismic exploration was immediately adjacent to the Piltun feeding grounds of the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). This study investigates relative abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of gray whales in relation to occurrence and
proximity to the seismic survey by employing scan sampling, focal follow, and theodolite tracking methodologies. These data
were analyzed in relation to temporal, environmental, and seismic related variables to evaluate potential disturbance reactions
of gray whales to the seismic survey. The relative numbers of whales and pods recorded from five shore-based stations were
not significantly different during periods when seismic surveys were occurring compared to periods when no seismic surveys
were occurring and to the post-seismic period. Univariate analyses indicated no significant statistical correlation between
seismic survey variables and any of the eleven movement and behavior variables. Multiple regression analyses indicated that,
after accounting for temporal and environmental variables, 6 of 11 movement and behavior variables (linearity, acceleration,
mean direction, blows per surfacing, and surface-dive blow rate) were not significantly associated with seismic survey variables,
and 5 of 11 variables (leg speed, reorientation rate, distance-from-shore, blow interval, and dive time) were significantly
associated with seismic survey variables. In summary, after accounting for environmental variables, no correlation was found
between seismic survey variables and the linearity of whale movements, changes in whale swimming speed between theodolite
fixes, mean direction of whale movement, mean number of whale exhalations per minute at the surface, mean time at the surface,
and mean number of exhalations per minute during a whales surface-to-dive cycle. In contrast, at higher received sound energy
exposure levels, whales traveled faster, changed directions of movement less, were recorded further from shore, and stayed
under water longer between respirations. 相似文献
5.
Distribution and abundance of western gray whales off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, 2001’003
Meier SK Yazvenko SB Blokhin SA Wainwright P Maminov MK Yakovlev YM Newcomer MW 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,134(1-3):107-136
In 2001–2003, >60,000 km of aerial surveys and 7,700 km of vessel surveys were conducted during June to November when critically
endangered Korean–Okhotsk or western gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) were present off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. Results of surveys in all years indicated gray whales occurred
in predominantly two areas, (1) adjacent to Piltun Bay, and (2) offshore from Chayvo Bay, hereafter referred to as the Piltun
and offshore feeding areas. In the Piltun feeding area, the majority of whales were observed in waters shallower than 20 m
and were distributed from several hundred meters to ∼ 5 km from the shoreline. In the offshore feeding area during all years,
the distribution of gray whales extended from southwest to northeast in waters 30–65 m in depth. During all years, the distribution
and abundance of whales changed in both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas, and both north–south and inshore–offshore movements
were documented within and between feeding seasons. The discovery of a significant number of whales feeding in the offshore
area each year was a substantial finding of this study and raises questions regarding western gray whale abundance and population
levels, feeding behavior and ecology, and individual site-fidelity. Fluctuations in the number of whales observed within the
Piltun and offshore feeding areas and few sightings outside of these two areas indicate that gray whales move between the
Piltun and offshore feeding areas during their summer–fall feeding season. Seasonal shifts in the distribution and abundance
of gray whales between and within both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas are thought, in part, to be a response to seasonal
changes in the distribution and abundance of prey. However, the mechanism driving the movements of whales along the northeast
coast of Sakhalin Island is likely very complex and influenced by a multitude of factors.
*Deceased 相似文献
6.
Ecological monitoring is a complementary component of the overall environmental management and monitoring program of any Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report. The monitoring method should be developed for each project phase and allow for periodic reporting and assessment of compliance with the environmental conditions and requirements of the EIA. Also, this method should incorporate a variance request program since site-specific conditions can affect construction on a daily basis and require time-critical application of alternative construction scenarios or environmental management methods integrated with alternative mitigation measures. Finally, taking full advantage of the latest information and communication technologies can enhance the quality of, and public involvement in, the environmental management program. In this paper, a landscape-scale ecological monitoring method for major construction projects is described using, as a basis, 20 months of experience on the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Crude Oil Pipeline Project, covering Turkish Sections Lot B and Lot C. This analysis presents suggestions for improving ecological monitoring for major construction activities. 相似文献
7.
以北京西部某典型城市区域声环境为研究对象,在采集2010年该区域声环境质量历史监测数据的基础上,经完善声环境质量相关属性数据及定量化后,采用聚类分析方法对该研究区域声环境质量的网格样本进行统计分类研究。结果表明:研究区域分为3类较适宜,结合相关类别声环境网格空间中其他属性的定量特征,探讨了区域声环境质量影响的主控因素,提出了针对不同类别改善区域声环境质量的措施建议。 相似文献
8.
美国环境监测一百年历史回顾及其借鉴 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
环境监测是从上世纪末由英美等发达国家首先开展的,至今有一百多年历史。美国科学技术高度发达,其环境监测水平也领先于其他国家。因此从某种意义上说,美国环境监测一百年的历程、作法和经验,在全世界范围内都具有一定的代表性。它基本上可反映出发达国家环境监测走过的普遍道路,并一定程度上也预示其他国家环境监测的发展方向。尤其是它的一些科学思路,成功的做法,先进技术(采样、前处理及分析测定技术),高水平的标准方法 相似文献
9.
以北京市某典型区域作为研究对象,在收集大量相关资料与实测历史噪声数据的基础上,对研究区域内的声环境质量影响因素进行灰色关联度分析,并运用灰色理论建立GM(1,1)模型进行预测。结果表明,影响城市区域声环境质量因素从大到小的排序依次为:机动车辆﹥常住人口数量﹥平均车流量﹥地区生产总值﹥城市道路桥梁﹥基础设施投资﹥治理噪声环保投资;以研究区域内噪声污染实测历史数据建立的GM(1,1)模型精度符合要求标准,根据GM(1,1)模型预测北京市“十二五”期间声环境质量达标且有轻微下降趋势。 相似文献
10.
We present monitoring methods and quantitative biodiversity data to document components of the mitigation hierarchy. We estimated avoidance, minimization, restoration and impact reduction in quality hectares for the 25 m wide right of way of a 408 km natural gas buried pipeline that crosses 14 Ecological Landscape Units (ELUs) in the tropical Andes of Peru. We found that applying the mitigation hierarchy as part of a comprehensive biodiversity action plan substantially reduced impacts on biodiversity in all habitats studied. Avoidance and right of way minimization contributed to significant impact reduction. We quantified impact reduction during construction and operation on the right of way of the pipeline over a five-year period and found that restoration was the greatest contributor to reducing impacts. We documented that most ELUs have a positive restoration trajectory. We also documented how monitoring over large scale spatial scales, in combination with site-specific monitoring, generated data for management to determine restoration priorities and impact mitigation. A biodiversity action plan that incorporated the mitigation hierarchy and a science-based biodiversity monitoring and assessment program contributed to biodiversity management of the project and played an important role in minimizing and managing impacts. 相似文献
11.
在对环境噪声常规监测情况调查和了解的基础上,对功能区环境噪声自动监测技术进行分析和探讨,结合实际工作经验,提出开展功能区环境噪声自动监测工作需要注意的问题。 相似文献
12.
《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》2012,33(1):123-132
The Irish National Roads Authority (NRA) recently completed over twenty post environmental impact assessment evaluations of noise chapters prepared as part of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) for new national road schemes in Ireland. The study focused on a range of issues including a review of noise monitoring procedures, noise prediction methodologies and an assessment of the effectiveness of noise mitigation measures currently in use on national road schemes. This review was carried out taking cognisance of best international practices for noise assessment and methodologies used to mitigate road traffic noise. The primary focus of the study was to assess the actual noise impacts of national road scheme developments and to revise, where necessary, methodologies recommended in the current NRA guidance document describing the treatment of noise on national road schemes. This paper presents a summary of the study and identifies a number of key areas that should be considered prior to the development of future guidance documents. 相似文献
13.
农贸市场噪声对其周围环境的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
李雪梅 《环境监测管理与技术》1999,11(4):25-26
对某农贸市场的场内噪声,场界噪声及其周围居民区环境噪声进行了监测,结果表明,农贸市场营业时,噪声监测值内,场界及居民区均超标;农贸市场不营业时,场界除3个测点略超标外,余达标,居民区略超标。就农贸市场噪声对其周围环境的影响,提出了控制对策。 相似文献
14.
环境噪声污染纠纷仲裁监测 ,既要选择噪声源界外测点 ,又要选择其相邻方区域内测点 ,并按标准规定对测量值进行背景值修正。提出环境噪声污染应以所产生的环境噪声排放是否超过其所在区域环境噪声标准来判别。 相似文献
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16.
分析了中药类制药工业企业自行监测方案的编制依据,以及中药制药生产工艺类型和污染排放特征,在此基础上确定了其污染物排放自行监测方案和周边环境质量影响监测方案的主要内容。针对废水、废气、噪声3类主要污染因子,明确了监测点位、监测指标、监测频次设定的注意事项,以及自行监测相关信息记录的内容要求。 相似文献
17.
Environmental Monitoring Of Remedial Dredging At The New Bedford Harbor, Ma, Superfund Site 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bergen BJ Nelson WG Mackay J Dickerson D Jayaraman S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,111(1-3):257-275
New Bedford Harbor (NBH), MA, is a Superfund site because of high polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in the sediment.
From April 1994 to September 1995, a remedial dredging operation (termed the “Hot Spot”) removed the most contaminated sediments
(PCB concentrations greater than 4000μg/g) from the upper harbor. During remediation, a monitoring program assessed the potential
environmental impacts to NBH and adjacent Buzzards Bay. The monitoring program was developed with input from federal, state,
and local authorities. Site-specific decision criteria were established to assess net PCB transport, water column toxicity,
and PCB bioaccumulation in blue and ribbed mussels (Mytilus edulis and Geukensia demissa, respectively). The remediation was completed without exceeding PCB net transport or acute toxicity effects specified in
the decision criteria. In addition, PCB bioaccumulation in mussels during this time period was not significantly greater than
pre- or post-operational measurements. The results indicated that approximately 14000 cubic yards of highly PCB contaminated
sediment were permanently removed with minimal environmental effects. The lessons learned during this operation, as well as
previous pilot studies at the site, will be used to make full-scale remedial efforts in NBH more efficient and environmentally
protective. 相似文献
18.
Use of the p,p'-DDD: p,p'-DDE Concentration Ratio to Trace Contaminant Migration from a Hazardous Waste Site 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
For approximately 50 years, beginning in the 1920s, hazardous wastes were disposed in an 11-hectare area of the Marine Corps Base (MCB) Quantico, Virginia, USA known as the Old Landfill. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT compounds were the primary contaminants of concern. These contaminants migrated into the sediments of a 78-hectare area of the Potomac River, the Quantico Embayment. Fish tissue contamination resulted in the MCB posting signs along the embayment shoreline warning fishermen to avoid consumption. In this paper, we interpret total PCB (t-PCBs) and total DDT (t-DDT, sum of six DDT, DDD, and DDE isomers) data from monitoring studies. We use the ratio of p,p'-DDD to p,p'-DDE concentrations as a tracer to distinguish site-related from regional contamination. The median DDD/DDE ratio in Quantico Embayment sediments (3.5) was significantly higher than the median ratio (0.71) in sediments from nearby Powells Creek, used as a reference area. In general, t-PCBs and t-DDT concentrations were significantly higher in killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Quantico Embayment compared with Powells Creek. For both species, Quantico Embayment fish had mean or median DDD/DDE ratios greater than one. Median ratios were significantly higher in Quantico Embayment (4.6) than Powells Creek (0.28) whole body carp. In contrast, t-PCBs and t-DDT in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets were similar in Quantico Embayment and Powells Creek collections, with median ratios of 0.34 and 0.26, respectively. Differences between species may be attributable to movement (carp and killifish being more localized) and feeding patterns (carp ingesting sediment while feeding). We recommend that environmental scientists use this ratio when investigating sites with DDT contamination. 相似文献
19.