北京及周边6个城市大气PM2.5中左旋葡聚糖及其异构体的时空分布特征

采集北京及周边6个城市春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节大气PM_2.5样品,用离子色谱法测定其中的左旋葡聚糖（LG）、甘露聚糖（MN）和半乳聚糖（GT）,对比这3种脱水聚糖与PM_2.5及有机碳（OC）的浓度水平和时空分布特征,应用SPSS 24.0软件分析了数据间的显著性差异.结果表明,6个城市PM_2.5、OC和LG浓度水平的季节分布规律高度相似,呈现冬季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 夏季,4个季节3种脱水聚糖的浓度水平有显著性差异.从空间角度分析3种脱水聚糖浓度水平,北京与天津、保定、石家庄无显著性差异,但北京与济南、郑州有显著性差异.根据6个城市的LG/MN和LG/（MN+GT）等浓度水平的比较,初步判断该区域PM_2.5中的生物质燃烧源主要来源于农作物秸秆和硬木.春季的PM_2.5污染过程中,北京、天津、石家庄和济南的左旋葡聚糖在PM_2.5中的含量变化基本保持稳定,显示该污染过程受生物质燃烧排放的影响较弱.     

2019年10~12月京津冀及周边“2+26”城市重污染减排效果评估

为评估京津冀及周边区域重污染过程期间应急减排措施的效果,基于情景模拟的方法,采用NAQPMS模式和多种观测资料,分析了2019年10~12月期间京津冀及周边区域环境空气质量、重污染过程和气象条件概况,评估了模式24、72和144 h的PM_2.5预报效果,并对应急减排措施的效果和不确定性进行了讨论.结果表明,2019年10~12月京津冀及周边"2+26"城市PM_2.5平均浓度64 μg ·m^-3,同比降低了10 μg ·m^-3;区域性重污染过程4次,受影响城市重污染过程期间PM_2.5平均浓度156 μg ·m^-3."2+26"城市PM_2.5气象条件评估指数（EMI）变化值范围为-15.6%~16.8%,EMI显示北京、天津和石家庄等12个城市气象条件与同期相比变差,变差程度范围为3.2%~16.8%.减排情景模拟分析显示应急减排措施有效减少了区域性重污染过程的发生,污染物峰值浓度降幅明显,未出现区域性严重污染过程.典型重污染期间,北京、石家庄、保定和唐山等城市PM_2.5日均浓度削减2%~9%.区域应急减排措施促使"2+26"城市PM_2.5季度均值分别降低1~3 μg ·m^-3左右,区域性减排效果明显.     

2013年京津冀重污染特征及其气象条件分析

2013年中国东部地区多次发生持续的重霾污染事件.为探究其气象条件与重污染事件的关系,本文使用欧洲中心2013年东亚地区的逐日气象数据和北京、天津、石家庄的逐时PM_2.5浓度数据以及2013年MICAPS观测数据,分析了重污染事件对应的天气形势,并使用NAQMPS针对2013年1月的重污染事件进行情景模拟.研究结果表明：1北京、天津和石家庄地区PM_2.5浓度,夏秋季节日变化不显著,秋冬季节白天低夜间高;3地PM_2.5浓度均表现为12-1月浓度最高,7月最低;.2500 hPa平直西风气流,850 hPa弱暖平流,地面处于弱高压后部或高压底部高低空配置下的天气系统,对应着重污染事件的高发期;3源强不变的情况下,京津冀地区由弱高压前部控制转为弱高压控制时,地面温度升高0~5℃,相对湿度增加30%~50%,风速下降2~3 m·s^-1,PM_2.5浓度变化可达300 μg·m^-3.     

基于天气背景天津大气污染输送特征分析

区域输送是大气污染防治中需要考虑的重要因素,本文利用大气化学模式定量估算2016年10月~2017年9月区域输送对天津的影响,重点基于天气背景分析区域输送影响和气象条件的关系,为京津冀地区大气污染联防联控提供支撑.结果表明,京津冀地区各城市区域输送贡献百分率平原城市显著高于沿山城市,天津一次PM_2.5本地贡献62.9%,区域输送贡献37.1%,主要受沧州、廊坊、河北中南部、北京、唐山和山东等地输送影响,每年4~6月区域输送最显著,7~8月区域输送最弱.区域输送与天气形势、风场和降水等气象条件密切相关,高压后和锋前低压是区域输送占比最高的两种污染天气类型,西南风、西风和南风3个风向下天津大气污染输送影响最为明显,风速2~3 m ·s^-1时最有利于PM_2.5区域传输,降水超过5 mm以上将降低大气污染物区域传输效率.对于不同污染类型和重污染阶段,轻度污染天气时区域输送贡献最为明显,比均值偏高20.5%,重污染天气虽受静稳气团控制,但由于周边区域高浓度的PM_2.5,污染气团迁移对区域内污染聚集传输有显著影响,重污染期间PM_2.5输送贡献占比超过均值,约偏高10%~15%.重污染过程中,开始积累阶段和峰值阶段,输送贡献占比高于其它时期,与暴发阶段相比偏高14.5%和19.5%,重污染暴发阶段本地排放贡献更明显,比均值偏高9.9%.     

2016年1月京津冀地区大气污染特征与多尺度传输量化评估

基于大气环境监测数据和WRF-CAMx模式,分析了2016年1月京津冀城市的大气污染特征,开展了PM_2.5跨界传输量化评估研究.结果表明,2016年1月京津冀地区PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO的平均浓度分别为89.5μg·m^-3、135.61μg·m^-3、57.55μg·m^-3、60.79μg·m^-3和2.12mg·m^-3,其中PM_2.5污染较为严峻.研究期间,京津冀城市近地面PM_2.5以本地排放为主,贡献率为45.4%~69.9%;区域传输贡献为辅,其中来自京津冀区域内和区域外的传输贡献率分别为4.8%~49.7%和4.9%~29.6%.高风速会促进本地PM_2.5污染的扩散,同时位于其上风向污染较高的城市,在高风速和强下风向频率和的作用下,会进一步增强对下风向城市的区域传输贡献.北京（石家庄） PM_2.5总流入、流出和净通量（t·d^-1）分别为1582.96（2036.89）、-1171.09（-1879.12）和411.87（157.77）,表明两城市接受外来输入影响均高于向外传输的影响.PM_2.5净通量呈现显著的垂直分布特征,离地1782 m高度范围内北京和石家庄PM_2.5总净通量强度范围分别是17.86~64.18 t·d^-1和-2.95~134.81t·d^-1,均在距地面817 m左右达到峰值,强度分别为64.18t·d^-1和134.81t·d^-1,而张家口和山西的净流入通量的显著增加是导致两城市PM_2.5总净通量强度达到峰值的主要原因.     

北京、石家庄2017—2018年PM2.5与SNA组分特征及典型重污染分析

基于北京、石家庄2017、2018年的1月和7月PM_2.5样品采集,研究两地采暖期、非采暖期及典型重污染过程的PM_2.5、SNA污染特征及二次转化特征.应用TrajStat模型,结合浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）,分析两地PM_2.5气流输送路径以及潜在源区.利用WRF-CAMx模式定量分析两地重污染月份（2017年1月）PM_2.5、硫酸盐及硝酸盐的区域传输贡献.结果表明, 2017年1月北京和石家庄均存在重污染过程,两年1月石家庄市PM_2.5浓度均高于北京; SNA占PM_2.5所有组分的34.11%~51.68%,对PM_2.5浓度有重要贡献,其中北京NO₃^-浓度最高,石家庄SO₄^2-浓度最高, SO₄^2-/NO₃^-夏季高于冬季;北京SOR高于石家庄,石家庄NOR高于北京,重污染期间两城市硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐质量浓度、SOR与NOR明显升高;两地冬季气流主要受俄罗斯、蒙古、内蒙戈壁等地区的西北方向远距离输送影响,另外北京两年冬季均存在西南传输通道,石家庄重污染期间受冀南和鲁西北重工业城市群潜在贡献较高,两市夏季受东南季风影响,污染轨迹多来自渤海湾和山东等地区; 2017年1月,北京、石家庄PM_2.5受周边区域传输贡献分别为33.80%、22.54%,其中河北南部分别贡献14.86%, 17.21%,二次离子中NO₃^-的传输作用比SO₄^2-更加突出.从PM_2.5本地源来看,北京主要来源为移动源和扬尘源,分别占比43.30%、20.10%,石家庄为工业、燃煤和扬尘,分别占比26.40%、24.82%、22.50%.     

京津冀区域PM2.5污染相互输送特征

基于CAMx-PSAT空气质量模型,对2015年京津冀区域PM_(2.5)污染及相互输送特征进行定量模拟,建立了京津冀13个城市的PM_(2.5)传输矩阵.结果表明,在年均尺度上京津冀区域PM_(2.5)以本地污染源贡献为主(21.49%~68.74%),传输贡献为辅,其中区域内传输贡献约为13.31%~54.62%,区外贡献约为13.32%~45.02%.PM_(2.5)传输特征呈现显著的时空差异性,区域中部城市唐山、北京、天津、保定和石家庄PM_(2.5)受本地贡献主导,在冬季尤其明显,而受传输影响较大的城市多分布在区域边界且在南部集中.区内作为汇的城市有廊坊、衡水、承德、秦皇岛和邢台,作为源的城市有天津、沧州、唐山、北京、石家庄和邯郸,张家口和保定对区内城市输出和受区内输入基本持平.典型城市分析证明城市间PM_(2.5)污染交互影响,北京与廊坊、保定、承德、天津和沧州等城市之间,天津与廊坊、唐山、北京、沧州和保定等城市之间,石家庄与邢台、衡水、保定、邯郸和廊坊之间均存在显著的PM_(2.5)相互输送.     

2016年京津冀地区红色预警时段PM2.5污染特征与浓度控制效果

2016年12月京津冀地区发生一次重污染过程,北京和天津于12月16日20：00至12月21日24：00,河北省（除张家口、承德和秦皇岛）于12月16日00：00至12月22日18：00发布了重污染红色预警.为研究重污染过程与应急措施的控制效果,基于环境监测数据与模型模拟结果对本次重污染过程的污染物浓度、天气形势与气团输送、区域传输和减排效果进行了研究.本次重污染过程中各地市PM_2.5平均浓度均超过200 μg·m^-3,小时均值峰值为834.5 μg·m^-3.重污染期间气象条件非常不利于污染物扩散,低压控制与气团传输加剧了污染过程.各地市平均本地贡献为47.1%,受天气形势影响传输效果存在一定差异.本次红色预警期间京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度平均下降比例为27.6%,减排效果明显.如果提前实施重污染应急措施,可以使PM_2.5下降浓度有一定提升.提前2 d实施可以使PM_2.5浓度平均下降比例增加4.4%,提前3 d以上效果提升不明显.     

基于时间序列分解的京津冀区域PM2.5和O3空间分布特征

京津冀区域大气污染分布呈现明显的空间差异,厘清不同时间尺度下PM_2.5和O₃浓度分布有助于制定科学有效的污染防控措施.采用STL方法分解PM_2.5和O₃浓度,获取长期分量、季节分量和短期分量,研究其变化趋势与空间分布特征.结果表明,2017~2021年京津冀区域PM_2.5浓度下降幅度高于O₃,春、夏季PM_2.5和O₃浓度呈正相关,秋、冬季呈现负相关,短期分量和季节分量分别对PM_2.5和O₃浓度的贡献最大.PM_2.5的季节分量、短期分量以及O₃的长期分量和短期分量均存在2个主成分,对应河北省中南部和京津冀区域北部,在不同时间尺度上京津冀区域PM_2.5和O₃均存在次区域分布.与原始序列相比,长期分量能够更好地反映PM_2.5和O₃浓度的演变趋势;季节分量和短期分量的标准差可用于衡量各城市PM_2.5和O₃浓度波动情况,太行山前各城市PM_2.5浓度季节分量和短期分量标准差较高,唐山的O₃浓度短期分量的标准差最高.     

基于过程分析的京津冀区域典型城市臭氧成因

随着京津冀区域臭氧（O₃）污染问题日渐突出,探究和分析京津冀区域O₃变化特征和污染过程形成原因对区域大气污染防治工作具有重要意义.观测结果显示,春夏季京津冀区域较高的O₃浓度呈现南高北低的分布,北京、天津和石家庄这3座城市O₃高浓度往往伴随着偏南风的影响.基于WRF-Chem模式模拟和过程分析技术对2019年京津冀区域O₃变化特征和成因进行了深入分析,典型城市化学过程、垂直混合和输送的日变化有着鲜明的季节变化差异.其中在夏季午后化学过程是各城市O₃浓度增加的主要来源;垂直混合导致天津和石家庄O₃浓度增加,但使得北京O₃浓度减少;天津和石家庄存在净输出,而北京则为净流入.通过对比分析O₃污染和清洁过程结果表明,化学过程主导北京和石家庄污染过程午后O₃浓度增加,天津则为垂直混合,此外,北京和石家庄存在O₃净输入,天津则为净输出;而清洁过程中,垂直混合主...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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