在微机应用中实现数据修约规则

在环境监测数据处理过程中,当实际数据位数过多时,都按国家标准1.1-81附录C《数字修约规则》即:(以下例子均把数据修约为只保留1位小数)。 1.在拟舍弃数字中,若左边第一位数字小于5(不包括5)时,则舍去,即所拟保留的末位数字不变。例0.320修约为0.3; 2.在拟舍弃数字中,若左边第一位数字大于5(不包括5)时,则进一,即所拟保留的末位数字加一。例0.380修约为0.4;     

太湖“净水渔业”项目正式启动

近日，二艘机动渔船满载着1．5万kg河蚌和1万kg螺蛳，在二艘渔政快艇的引导下，缓缓驶入了紧偎浩瀚太湖的西五里湖，由渔政人员和渔民开始向五里湖投放贝类，标志着无锡市太湖“净水渔业”项目正式启动。     

3种材料添加对紫色土吸附四环素的影响

采用批量处理法探究活性硅酸钙（S）、膨润土（B）、硅藻土（D）的添加对紫色土（P）吸附四环素（TC）的影响。结果表明：各供试土样对TC的吸附符合Langmuir模型，最大吸附量qm在564 mmol/kg~5413 mmol/kg之间，且当材料添加质量分数为5%时土样对TC吸附效果最佳；相同材料添加比例下，土样对TC的吸附量均呈现出P-B＞P-S＞P-D＞P；热力学参数表明，TC吸附是一个自发、吸热和熵增的反应，当pH值为5、离子浓度为01 mol/L时吸附量达到最大。     

噪声地图在环境噪声监测中的应用

以青岛理工大学新校区为例,采用变网格划分法,研究了基于地理信息系统(GIS)的噪声地图在区域环境噪声评价方面的应用。结果表明,噪声预测系统结合GIS,以数字与渲染图的方式能够直观地展现噪声污染在环境区域的分布状况,可用于指导区域的规划和环境噪声评价。     

污水处理厂氮排放特征

为了更好地掌握污水处理厂运行和排放情况，在全国南方、北方分别选取3个省共11个城市122家污水处理厂，于2013年8—10月进行了专项监测。结果表明：75?4％的污水处理厂氨氮出水质量浓度小于2 mg／L，氨氮平均去除率达90?2％，但总氮的平均去除率仅为55?5％，污水处理厂排水中仍存在较多非氨氮形态的氮污染进入环境。氨氮排放达标的污水处理厂中，有约20％的总氮排放未达标。65?5％的污水处理厂出水氨氮占总氮的比例低于10％，而84?4％的污水处理厂进水中氨氮占总氮的比例高于50％。总氮是影响污水处理厂达标排放的主要污染因子。     

2013—2017年间京津冀地区空气质量及影响因素分析

基于统计学和GIS方法对京津冀地区2013—2017年间空气质量指数（AQI）分布情况及影响因素进行分析，探究城市发展对空气质量的影响。结果表明：京津冀地区空气质量大体趋势由北向南逐渐恶化，可宏观对比5年的变化，污染程度逐年减弱；PM10为首要污染物所占的天数比例最高，O3为首要污染物所占的天数比例逐年增加；气温、风速与AQI呈负相关，而相对湿度、气压与AQI不同地区正负关系不同；空气质量与经济增长的环境库兹涅茨曲线为倒N型。     

关于对“地区三级环境监测站存在的问题及对策”的磋商

读了陈涛同志的文章和编者按,促使一个普通环境监测人员也想谈点看法,为了说明问题,首先介绍一下云南省三、四级环境监测站的情况.一、云南省三、四级环境监测站的基本情况.到一九九0年止我省已建三级环境监测站18个,四级站46个,从事环境监测人员总计747人,其中科技人员608人,全年获监测数字45.73万个.因一九九0年环境监测年鉴未公布,而且近两年来云南省三、四级环境监测站发展又不大,因此,借用已公布的一九八八年度云南省环境监测站年鉴鉴别数字来说明全省三、四级环境监测站的情况(详见表1).从表中我们可以看出:1.三级监测站中科技人员多.占全省监测站科技人员的67.67%.     

2013年春夏季莱州湾海水环境要素特征和富营养化评估

根据2013年5（春季）、8月（夏季）莱州湾海水环境要素的调查资料，采用富营养化指数、潜在性富营养化评价模式和灰色聚类分析方法研究环境要素特征和评估海水富营养化状况。结果表明，无机氮是莱州湾水质的主要污染要素，春夏季的N/P平均值分别为100.76、117.84，潜在性富营养化评价模式结果表明，春夏季各站位的营养级均只包括Ⅳ_P、Ⅵ_P两类，磷限制为莱州湾的营养盐结构特征；富营养化指数评价结果表明，春季和夏季E>1站位比例分别为65%、20%；灰色聚类分析结果表明，春季Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级的站位比例分别为95%、5%，夏季Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的站位比例分别为70%、25%，Ⅱ级中的部分站位具有较大潜在富营养化风险。     

江苏省沿江环境治理投资4年增10倍

近日，从江苏省发改委获悉，江苏省沿江地区环境污染治理投资额已从2003年的16．88亿元增加到2007年的180亿元。目前沿江地区建成污水处理厂100多座，累计建成日污水处理能力360万t，提前3年且超额完成2010年规划目标。5年来，在地区生产总值增加1．5倍的情况下，长江江苏段总体水质始终保持地表水二类标准，     

1,2,4,5-四氯苯 C 18 Empore TM 膜/水分配系数的研究

研究了1，2，4，5-四氯苯在C18膜／水相之间的分配规律。1，2，4，5-四氯苯在：25℃，80r／min条件下恒温震荡96h可达分配平衡，温度和盐度对1，2，4，5-四氯苯C18膜／水的分配过程影响很小，1，2，4，5-四氯苯C18膜／水分配平衡时间受溶液体积和容器容积的影响，但不受溶液中C18膜膜量的影响，推测脂溶性小于或接近1，2，4，5-四氯苯的有机污染物在恒温震荡条件下C18膜与水之间的分配96h可达到平衡。     

Environmental modelling of Omerli catchment area in Istanbul, Turkey using remote sensing and GIS techniques

Omerli Reservoir is one of the major drinking water reservoirs of Greater Metropolis Istanbul, providing 40% of the overall water demand. Istanbul where is one of the greatest metropolitan areas of the world with a population over 10 million and a rate of population increase about twice that of Turkey. As a result of population growth and industrial development, Omerli watershed is highly affected by the wastewater discharges from the residential areas and industrial plants. The main objective of this study is to investigate the temporal assessment of the land-use/cover of the Omerli Watershed and the water quality changes in the Reservoir. It is not possible to adequately control urbanization and other pollution sources affecting the water quality. Responses of these detrimental effects are due to rapidly increasing population, unplanned and illegal housing, and irrelevant industries at the protection zones of the watershed, together with insufficient infrastructure. The study is focused on the assessment of urbanization in relation to land use and water quality using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques for all the four protection zones of the Reservoir and a time variant analyzing model is obtained. IRS-1C LISS and IRS-1C PAN, LANDSAT-5 TM satellite data of 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001 and 2006 are analyzed by confirmation through the ground truth data. RS data have been transferred into UTM coordinate system and image enhancement and classification techniques were used. Raster data were converted to vector data that belongs to study area to analyze in GIS for the purpose of planning and decision-making on protected watersheds.     

建设项目环境影响回顾性评价实例

结合“三同时”项目竣工验收监测，对建设项目进行环境影响回顾性评价。回顾性评价内容包括：调查、核实项目建设的规模、内容以及污染物的治理设施；对应环评本底进行环境质量验证性监测；根据污染物达标排放监测结果，进行环保十持施有效性分析；清洁生产、循环经济执行情况；总量控制、环境管理体系的落实情况；以及公众调查、结论与建议等。     

上海、乌鲁木齐与昌吉三市城市土壤重金属富集特征比较研究

选择上海、乌鲁木齐、昌吉3个城市,通过对其城市土壤重金属含量水平、分布特征及活性的比较研究,发现城市土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量均远高于背景值,但Mn、Fe含量与背景值差别不大;上海市Cr、Pb、Zn含量最高,而昌吉市Cu含量最高,城市规模的大小并不能直接反映土壤重金属含量的高低,工业污染物排放量、交通量、城市规模大小、城市发展历史、工业区位置及变迁、土壤背景值等因素均会影响土壤重金属含量水平。除Mn、Fe无明显的功能区分布差异外,各城市重金属功能区分布规律并不相同,城市污染来源的不同可能是主要原因。重金属活性并未与其含量分布规律完全一致,上海土壤重金属活性大于乌鲁木齐、昌吉,上海土壤pH值小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉可能是主要影响因素,但也存在上海土壤中个别重金属活性小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉的现象,污染物来源存在差异等可能是主要原因。也可能较强,反之亦然。     

A Zone-Wise Ecological-Economic Analysis of Indian Wetlands

In view of their sensitivity and importance, an ecological-economic analysis of wetlands has been carried out for various Indian states. Subsequently, the ecological wealths of different zones (north, south, east and west) have been computed and compared. Amongst states, Karnataka (7896.5 million US dollars yr(-1)), Gujarat (7689.4 million US dollars yr(-1)) and Andhra Pradesh (7670.9 million US dollars yr(-1)) are found to be the richest, whereas Nagaland (3.1 million US dollars yr(-1)), Meghalaya (5.9 million US dollars yr(-1)) and Sikkim (15.9 million US dollars yr(-1)) turn out to be the poorest. Amongst different zones, Southern Zone turns out to be the richest and the Northern Zone poorest. A ratio called ANR [Artificial (A) Wetland Wealth to Natural (N) Wetland Wealth Ratio (R)] has also been devised, which is the ratio of the ecological-economic values of artificial and natural wetlands. In other words, this ratio indicates the level of environmental concern of a given region. ANR ratio is found to be the highest for Madhya Pradesh (564.1) and Karnataka (159.8) states.     

微波萃取-气质联用测定土壤中的16种多环芳烃

用丙酮-正己烷(1:1体积比)混合溶剂,通过微波萃取法提取土壤中的16种多环芳烃组分。萃取溶液经硅胶小柱净化,最后用气相色谱-质谱法分析。以石英砂为基体进行加标回收测定。16种多环芳烃的检测限为0.18～0.53μg/kg,经精密度试验,相对标准偏差均5%,回收率在75.5%～108%之间。     

Global warming mitigation potential of biogas plants in India

Biogas technology, besides supplying energy and manure, provides an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and reducing global warming through substituting firewood for cooking, kerosene for lighting and cooking and chemical fertilizers. A study was undertaken to calculate (1) global warming mitigation potential (GMP) and thereby earning carbon credit of a family size biogas plant in India, (2) GMP of the existing and target biogas plants in the country and (3) atmospheric pollution reduction by a family size biogas plant. The GMP of a family size biogas plant was 9.7 t CO(2) equiv. year( - 1) and with the current price of US $10 t( - 1) CO(2) equiv., carbon credit of US $97 year( - 1) could be earned from such reduction in greenhouse gas emission under the clean development mechanism (CDM). A family size biogas plant substitutes 316 L of kerosene, 5,535 kg firewood and 4,400 kg cattle dung cake as fuels which will reduce emissions of NOx, SO(2), CO and volatile organic compounds to the atmosphere by 16.4, 11.3, 987.0 and 69.7 kg year( - 1), respectively. Presently 3.83 million biogas plants are operating in the country, which can mitigate global warming by 37 Mt CO(2) equiv. year( - 1). Government of India has a target of installing 12.34 million biogas plants by 2010. This target has a GMP of 120 Mt CO(2) equiv. year( - 1) and US $1,197 million as carbon credit under the CDM. However, if all the collectible cattle dung (225 Mt) produced in the country is used, 51.2 million family size biogas plants can be supported which will have a GMP of 496 Mt of CO(2) equiv. year( - 1) and can earn US $4,968 million as carbon credit. The reduction in global warming should encourage policy makers to promote biogas technology to combat climate change and integration of carbon revenues will help the farmers to develop biogas as a profitable activity.     

青岛市饮用水源地重金属污染物健康风险初步评价

对青岛市某饮用水源地饮用水的钼、铍、硼、锑、钡、钒、钛、铊、砷、镉、铅、汞、镍、铜、锌共15种重金属元素进行了分析,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其所引起的健康风险作了初步评价。结果表明,通过饮水途径所致健康风险中,由致癌物砷所致的健康风险为8.15E-6 a-1,低于国际辐射防护委员会ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5a-1;由非致癌物所致的健康风险中砷最大,铜和硼次之,二者的风险水平为10-9a-1和10-10a-1,均低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平。     

Deciphering groundwater potential zones in hard rock terrain using geospatial technology

Remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) has become one of the leading tools in the field of groundwater research, which helps in assessing, monitoring, and conserving groundwater resources. This paper mainly deals with the integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS to delineate groundwater potential zones in hard rock terrain. Digitized vector maps pertaining to chosen parameters, viz. geomorphology, geology, land use/land cover, lineament, relief, and drainage, were converted to raster data using 23 m × 23 m grid cell size. Moreover, curvature of the study area was also considered while manipulating the spatial data. The raster maps of these parameters were assigned to their respective theme weight and class weights. The individual theme weight was multiplied by its respective class weight and then all the raster thematic layers were aggregated in a linear combination equation in Arc Map GIS Raster Calculator module. Moreover, the weighted layers were statistically modeled to get the areal extent of groundwater prospects with respect to each thematic layer. The final result depicts the favorable prospective zones in the study area and can be helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources especially in hard rock terrains.     

从“数字环保”到“智慧环保”

简述了“数字环保”到“智慧环保”的概念与发展背景.指出环境信息化要实现从“数字环保”到“智慧环保”的跨越,物联网技术是实现跨越的基础.提出,构建立体化、智能化的覆盖全国的环保领域物联网平台,实现由“数字环保”向“智慧环保”的转化,将是一个系统、长期的工程.“十二五”期间,从总量减排四项约束性指标和固废、危废监管等重点领...     

Environmental Modeling and Methods for Estimation of the Global Health Impacts of Air Pollution

Air pollution is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to global health outcomes. A methodological framework for evaluating the global health-related outcomes of outdoor and indoor (household) air pollution is presented and validated for the year 2005. Ambient concentrations of PM2.5 are estimated with a combination of energy and atmospheric models, with detailed representation of urban and rural spatial exposures. Populations dependent on solid fuels are established with household survey data. Health impacts for outdoor and household air pollution are independently calculated using the fractions of disease that can be attributed to ambient air pollution exposure and solid fuel use. Estimated ambient pollution concentrations indicate that more than 80% of the population exceeds the WHO Air Quality Guidelines in 2005. In addition, 3.26?billion people were found to use solid fuel for cooking in three regions of Sub Saharan Africa, South Asia and Pacific Asia in 2005. Outdoor air pollution results in 2.7?million deaths or 23?million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) while household air pollution from solid fuel use and related indoor smoke results in 2.1?million deaths or 41.6?million DALYs. The higher morbidity from household air pollution can be attributed to children below the age of 5 in Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia. The burden of disease from air pollution is found to be significant, thus indicating the importance of policy interventions.