顶空气相色谱法同时测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈

建立水中微量乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的顶空气相色谱(HS-GC)测定方法,经项空进样,用HP-INNOWAX毛细管色谱柱程序升温分离,FID检测,以保留时间定性,外标法定量.水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的检出质量浓度分别为0.04,0.02和0.01 mg/L.样品加标回收率乙醛为952%～98.7%,丙烯醛为95.8%～97.9%,丙烯腈为96.7%～99.6%,6次平行测定结果的相对标准差不大于5.2%.该方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,适合各种水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的同时测定.     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中丙烯腈、丙烯醛

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱测定水中丙烯腈、丙烯醛,优化试验条件。该方法具有较高的灵敏度、良好的线性、方法简便。丙烯腈检出限为0.002 mg/L;丙烯醛检出限为0.003 mg/L,标准样品测定的相对标准偏差为3.2%,实际样品的加标回收率为80.0%～110%。     

自动顶空-气相色谱法测定固体废物中丙烯腈的方法研究

建立了自动顶空-气相色谱法测定固体废物中丙烯腈含量的分析方法。采用自动顶空进样,DM-FFAP色谱柱分离,FID检测器检测,进行了顶空平衡时间和平衡温度的优化,同时对线性范围、检出限、加标回收率、精密度和稳定性等进行了实验。在80℃下,平衡时间为30 min时,该方法丙烯腈的检出限1.66μg/kg,相对标准偏差<5%,加标回收率为92.7%~101.5%。结果表明:自动顶空-气相色谱法测定固废中丙烯腈方法前处理简单快捷,无有机溶剂消耗,干扰少,准确性和重现性好,能满足GB 5085.6—2007《危险废物鉴别标准—毒性物质含量鉴别》的要求。     

静态顶空气相色谱法对土壤中乙醛等物质分析及研究

研究用静态顶空技术处理土壤,从而建立了静态顶空-气相色谱(GC-FID)测定土壤中的乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈和吡啶的检测分析方法。在一定的静态顶空和气相色谱条件下,进行了顶空的时间和温度优化,确定了静态顶空气相色谱法测定土壤中乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈和吡啶方法的检出限,并取得了满意的分离效果、线性回归方程、精密度和准确度。结果表明:用顶空气相色谱法处理土壤样品,可以减少土壤中待测有机物的损失,提高实验分析的灵敏度和准确度。     

丙烯腈装置工艺水平衡的探讨

丙浠、氨氧化法生产丙烯腈,在反应器内除生成主产物丙烯腈和氰氢酸、乙腈、丙烯醛等副产物外,5万t/a丙烯腈装置还有10656kg/h的工艺水生戒。所要探讨的就是这部分工艺水的平衡问题。重点对四效蒸发后汽提塔釜液做机泵封水补充水和硫铵装置急冷回收问题、原工艺存在的问题、改造方案及改造后效果进行了论述,并对今后新建同类装置提出了建议。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的方法研究

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的分析方法。进行了吹扫时间和温度的优化,同时对线性范围、方法检出限、精密度、加标回收率和7个工作日连续校准等进行实验。在50℃下,吹扫时间为20min时。该方法乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈的检出限分别为0．005mg／L、0．007mg／L和0．004mg／L,相对标准偏差分别为1．9％-5．1％、3．1—6．8％、1．7％～5．6％,加标回收率分别为92．6％～108％、92．0％-107％、95．3％～105％。结果表明,吹扫捕集气相色谱法测定水中乙醛、丙烯醛和丙烯腈方法简单快捷,灵敏度高,准确性和重现性好,能满足地表水环境质量标准的要求,具有较好的推广性。     

顶空气相色谱法测定化工污水中的丙烯腈

本文对顶空气相色谱分析法测定化工污水中丙烯腈的平衡时间、平衡温度、气—液体积比以及色谱条件进行了研究。方法最低检出限为0.05mg/L,变异系数小于5％,回收率在90～110％之间。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水中的乙醛和丙烯醛

建立了吹扫捕集-气相色谱法测定水样中乙醛和丙烯醛的方法,并对吹扫捕集测试条件进行优化,考察了吹扫温度和吹扫时间对吹扫捕集效率和方法检出限的影响。在50℃下,吹扫时间为20 min时,该方法乙醛和丙烯醛的检出限分别为0.001 2 mg/L、0.000 6 mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为3.5%～6.9%、2.9%～5.8%,加标回收率分别为91.6%～108%、92.0%～105%。与GB3838-2002推荐使用的分析方法相比较,该方法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、重复性好、基本上不消耗有机溶剂等特点,可满足地表水和废水中乙醛和丙烯醛的测定要求。     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中吡啶的影响因素分析

采用顶空气相色谱法对水中吡啶进行测定,探讨了溶液初始pH值、NaCl浓度、顶空平衡温度和平衡时间等因素对吡啶溶液峰面积的影响。结果表明:随着溶液初始pH值和ρ(NaCl)的增大,吡啶溶液峰面积均先上升,最终分别于pH为7. 0,ρ(NaCl)为300 g/L时趋于平稳;吡啶溶液峰面积随着顶空平衡温度和平衡时间的升高均先缓慢增加,随后迅速上升至临界值后再明显下降,其相应的临界值分别为85℃和40 min。通过正交实验确定各个因素影响吡啶溶液峰面积的主次顺序为:溶液pH值>顶空平衡温度>顶空平衡时间>ρ(NaCl),其相应的最优顶空条件分别为pH 7. 0,85℃,10min,300 g/L。此方法的检出限为0. 0012 mg/L,平均加标回收率为98. 8%～102. 4%,RSD为2. 20%～4. 68%(n=5)。     

应急监测中便携式顶空/GC-MS法测定水中VOCs的初步研究

通过对实验室加标水样和实际水样的测定,研究了便携式顶空/气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)与吹扫捕集/GC-MS法测定水中VOCs的性能比较,探讨了利用Loop环测定水中高浓度VOCs的准确度. 结果表明:便携式顶空/GC-MS测定水中54种低浓度VOCs的检出限略高于吹扫捕集/GC-MS系统,准确度和精密度分别为67.4%～136%和9.08%～19.80%,均满足环境应急监测分析的要求;利用Loop环,便携式顶空/GC-MS可对水中高浓度级(mg/L)VOCs进行较为准确地测定,回收率为100%～149%;复杂的实际样品基本不干扰便携式顶空/GC-MS的测定,与吹扫捕集/GC-MS法相比,二者对实际水样的测定结果相对偏差小于20%;便携式顶空/GC-MS在水污染事故现场可得到基本准确的结果,可为事故后续处理提供有效的数据支持.      

碱消解法测定固体废物中六价铬的研究

用碱性消解液对固体废物进行预处理,所得消解溶液用火焰原子吸收光谱法进行测定。结果表明:该方法在0.00~8.00mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系,检出限为2.00mg/kg(样品以计2.5g计)。实际样品测定的RSD为1.37%~9.35%,加标回收率为85.5%~125%。消解溶液同时用二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法进行测定,结果显示,两种方法测定的结果没有显著差异,进一步说明了采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定固体废物中Cr6+的准确性与可靠性。     

固体废物中氰化物全量的测定方法研究

建立了固体废物中氰化物全量的测定方法.选择金矿、电镀污泥等典型固废实际样品为研究对象,探讨了氰化物的全量测定结果与提取液pH的关系,确定使用pH值>12的氢氧化钠水溶液做为全量提取液.提取液中氰化物的含量采用硝酸银滴定法、异烟酸-吡唑啉酮或异烟酸-巴比妥酸分光光度法进行测定.方法检出限分别为0.24、0.03及0.02 mg/kg,实际固废样品加标回收率范围在92.2%~107%,6次测定结果的RSD为1.5%~11.7%.该方法检出限低、回收率高,精密度和准确度良好,适用于固体废物中氰化物的全量测定.     

农村混合物料干式厌氧发酵物性变化中试研究

为解决分散性及混杂性的农村有机固体废物的无害化、减量化处理及资源化利用问题,利用干式厌氧发酵技术与装置,将畜禽粪便、果蔬垃圾和秸秆等混合物料进行干式厌氧发酵处理,并对pH和有机质类TS、VS、COD_Cr、(DOC)及NH₄+-N浓度进行了检测. 结果表明:农村有机固废混合物料干式厌氧发酵起始阶段的pH为7.2,于第7天逐渐降至最低值(6.3),之后又逐渐上升至系统稳定,最后在7.0~7.6之间波动. 厌氧发酵物料TS和VS经厌氧发酵后被消耗,二者去除率分别为58.3%和65.4%. 厌氧发酵运行过程中物料w(DOC)由11 000 mg/kg降至6 095 mg/kg,去除率为44.6%,发酵液中ρ(COD_Cr)由初始的11 700 mg/L降至结束时的2 870 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率达75.5%. 50 d后w(DOC)和ρ(COD_Cr)保持稳定.      

Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio < 15; (b) NH4 +-N < 400 mg/kg; (c) CO2-C < 2000 mg CO2-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity < 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) > 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定固体废物中的钡

采用微波消解法对固体废物浸出液样品进行前处理,采用乙炔-空气火焰原子吸收法测定钡的含量,检出限为2．04mg／L,加标回收率为94．5％,精密度为4．85％-6．81％。     

Antimony smelting process generating solid wastes and dust：Characterization and leaching behaviors

A large amount of solid waste has been produced by the antimony smelting process in the＂World Capital of Antimony＂, Xikuangshan area in China. This study comprehensively investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of the various solid wastes, as well as the leaching behavior of the solid wastes, which included water-quenched slag,arsenic-alkali residue, desulfurized slag and blast furnace dust. These four types of waste were enriched in a variety of heavy metals and metalloids and more specifically with As and Sb levels up to 8.6 × 104 and 3.16 × 105mg/kg, respectively, in arsenic-alkali residue. For desulfurized slag and water-quenched slag, the leaching concentration of Sb significantly exceeded the acceptable limits during the leaching tests using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure and the synthetic precipitation leaching procedure. In addition, As leaching in arsenic-alkali residue was extraordinarily hazardous, being three orders of magnitude higher than the regulatory level of As. According to the results of the extraction tests, all the tested wastes were classified as hazardous waste.     

Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio < 15; (b) NH₄⁺-N < 400 mg/kg; (c) CO₂-C < 2000 mg CO₂-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity < 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) > 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.