阴离子表面活性剂SDS对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)的急性毒性效应及抗氧化酶活性的影响

选择阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为污染物,以近海底栖双壳贝类菲律宾蛤仔为受试生物,研究了SDS胁迫对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性效应以及长期暴露后菲律宾蛤仔抗氧化酶(SOD,POD,CAT)活性的变化。结果表明,(1)随着SDS浓度的增加,对菲律宾蛤仔的毒性越强表现出"剂量-效应"关系,SDS对菲律宾蛤仔96 h的半数致死浓度LC50=1.466 mg/L;(2)SDS胁迫引起菲律宾蛤仔的SOD、POD、CAT活性显著变化,低浓度SDS对三种酶的活性均具有诱导作用,高浓度SDS对三种酶的活性均具有抑制效应,中浓度组的SOD和POD酶活性呈现先升后降的趋势,而CAT活性受到抑制;(3)不同组织的抗氧化酶活性对SDS的敏感性表现出一定的差异性,对于SOD与CAT,三种组织敏感性为内脏团>外套膜>肌肉组织,而POD敏感性为外套膜>内脏团>肌肉组织。     

菲律宾蛤仔养殖对胶州湾沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移的影响

通过培养实验测定了菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)DIN和PO34-的排泄率和生物扰动作用对胶州湾沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量的影响,探讨了菲律宾蛤仔养殖对沉积物-水界面生源要素迁移的影响.研究表明,菲律宾蛤仔能够排泄DIN和PO34-,但其生物扰动能够改变沉积物中生物地球化学过程,减少排泄物中的DIN和PO34-向水体释放.在生物扰动作用下,菲律宾蛤仔排泄的DIN和PO34-中,仅有37%(DIN)和34%(PO34--P)最终释放到水体中.在考虑生物扰动作用的影响后,养殖菲律宾蛤仔每年从水体滤除的生源要素中仅有19%的氮和17%的磷以无机营养盐形态完成再生过程返回到水层中,其余部分以渔获量、生物难于利用形态或埋藏的沉积颗粒形态从水层中清除.菲律宾蛤仔生物扰动条件下沉积物向水层释放Si∶N∶P的速率比约为5∶18∶1,其中Si∶N和Si∶P比远低于菲律宾蛤仔从水体中滤除的颗粒物.因此菲律宾蛤仔养殖能够加速生物硅沉积,加剧胶州湾水体中Si限制.     

温度盐度对菲律宾蛤仔帕金虫病害发生的影响

在实验室内进行了暖冬、海水温度和盐度对菲律宾蛤仔体内寄生帕金虫数量变化影响的实验,结果表明,在冬季高于自然海水温度的各实验组中菲律宾蛤仔体内的帕金虫含量要高于自然海水温度实验组,并且显示出菲律宾蛤仔体内过冬的帕金虫于春末和夏初当海水温度达到20℃左右时又出现明显增高趋势,导致菲律宾蛤仔的死亡率显著提高;盐度实验结果表明,在温度相同情况下,20～24的盐度是菲律宾蛤仔体内帕金虫的最适繁殖盐度.针对实验结果,提出了预防菲律宾蛤仔的帕金虫病害的一些生态养殖措施.     

氯霉素对菲律宾蛤仔的急性和亚急性毒性作用

研究了氯霉素对菲律宾蛤仔的急性和亚急性毒性作用.结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔的48,96h LD50值分别为1803,1161mg/dm3,安全浓度为58.05mg/dm3.氯霉素明显抑制菲律宾蛤仔内脏团溶菌酶活性;氯霉素明显抑制内脏团碱性磷酸酶活性,在高浓度时抑制更为明显;氯霉素可激活肌肉组织的碱性磷酸酶活性;氯霉素在高浓度时明显抑制菲律宾蛤仔内脏团及肌肉组织的过氧化氢酶活性,低浓度时抑制不明显.     

菲律宾蛤仔对锌、铅的积累特征

菲律宾蛤仔（ＲｕｄｉｔａｐｅｓｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎａｒｕｍＡｄａｍｓｅｔＲｅｖｅ（Ｂｉｖａｌｖｉａ：Ｖｅｎｅｒｉｄａｅ））分别在不同系列Ｚｎ和Ｐｂ浓度下培养２０ｄ，每间隔５ｄ测定菲律宾蛤仔体内Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ含量．结果表明，菲律宾蛤仔在水体Ｚｎ浓度１００μｇ／Ｌ以下Ｚｎ积累量低，在水体Ｚｎ浓度为２００μｇ／Ｌ时Ｚｎ积累量高．菲律宾蛤仔在水体Ｐｂ浓度为３２μｇ／Ｌ以下暴露５ｄＰｂ积累量低，但在水体Ｐｂ浓度为３２μｇ／Ｌ中暴露１５ｄ，菲律宾蛤仔体内Ｐｂ含量可达对照组的５倍．可见，菲律宾蛤仔对Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ的积累量不仅与水体中Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ浓度有关，而且与暴露时间有关．     

四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对菲律宾蛤仔组织解毒代谢酶活力与DNA损伤的影响

研究了四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)鳃丝和消化盲囊芳烃羟化酶(AHH)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、DNA损伤(F值)的影响.结果表明:BDE-47对菲律宾蛤仔鳃丝和消化盲囊AHH、GST、SOD活力和...     

稀土元素钕对菲律宾蛤仔金属硫蛋白的诱导效应

稀土元素能否诱导海洋生物合成MTs(金属硫蛋白),将影响到MTs对海水重金属的指示作用. 以菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)为试验动物,采用含稀土Nd3+的人工海水对其进行暴露培养,测定蛤仔鳃部和内脏中MTs含量随暴露剂量和时间的变化. 结果表明,Nd3+暴露能够增加蛤仔体内MTs含量. ρ(Nd3+)为0.1～10 μg/L时能明显促进蛤仔鳃和内脏MTs的合成;蛤仔在ρ(Nd3+)为1 μg/L下暴露培养7 d,内脏MTs含量达到最高水平;同时,光谱扫描及SDS-PAGE分析表明,Nd3+诱导的蛤仔内脏中MTs在258 nm处有特征吸收峰,主要以二聚体和三聚体的形式存在,分子质量分别为13.0和18.1 ku.      

大连典型滩涂养殖区菲律宾蛤仔体内Pb含量及溯源

为了评价滩涂养殖区贝类体内重金属Pb的污染情况,并追溯贝类体内Pb的可能来源,本研究选取黄海北部的大连金石滩、大李家和皮口3个典型滩涂养殖区为监测点,以滩涂养殖区内的菲律宾蛤仔为周年监测对象,并采用稳定同位素示踪技术追溯菲律宾蛤仔体内Pb的可能来源。研究结果表明,大连典型滩涂养殖区海水中Pb的周年监测结果均优于国家二类海水水质标准,表层沉积物中Pb的潜在生态风险性属于轻微生态危害程度,菲律宾蛤仔体内Pb的含量周年内均小于无公害水产品的限量标准。同时,菲律宾蛤仔体内Pb稳定同位素206Pb/207Pb值与表层沉积物的比值相接近,表明菲律宾蛤仔体内Pb可能主要来源于表层沉积物。     

菲律宾蛤仔对Cd加标沉积物的蓄积实验

研究了菲律宾蛤仔在加标沉积物中对Ｃｄ的蓄积。结果表明：在不同浓度的Ｃｄ加标沉积物中，菲律宾蛤仔的蓄积量不同，在相同的时间Ｃｄ浓度越高，蛤仔的蓄积量越大。随着时间的增加，蓄积量也随着增大。快速蓄积３０×１０－６左右，就能致菲律宾蛤仔死亡     

菲律宾蛤仔对石油烃的富集与释放特征

本实验以菲律宾蛤仔为受试生物,采用半静水接触染毒法研究了菲律宾蛤仔对胜利原油的富集和释放特征。结果表明:(1)菲律宾蛤仔对石油烃具有明显的富集能力。经过15 d的富集,生物富集系数随水体中石油浓度的增大而减小。0.1,0.2,0.4,0.8,1.6,3.2 mg.L-1实验组中富集系数分别为231.20,137.15,113.30,70.46,47.45,30.61。吸收速率随水体中石油浓度的增加而增大,吸收速率分别为1.54,1.83,3.02,3.76,5.06,6.53 mg.kg-1.d-1。(2)经过10 d的释放试验,释放速率随水体石油浓度增加而增大,释放速率分别为2.16,2.39,2.57,2.83,3.24,4.63 mg.kg-1.d-1。其排出率分别为6.69%,12.78%,43.31%,49.80%,57.37%,52.78%。菲律宾蛤仔体内石油浓度逐渐下降,但随着水体中石油浓度的升高,经过一段时间的释放,生物体内的石油残余量逐渐升高。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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