表面活性剂对Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9 降解苯并[a]芘的影响

研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX-100)和Tween80(TW-80)对苯并[a]芘的增溶特性及对苯并[a]芘高效降解菌Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9生长的影响,结果表明,2种表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘均有良好的增溶效果,均能作为碳源和能源被菌株Bap9所利用,TX-100增溶能力和增殖能力相对更强;不同浓度的TX-100对菌株降解苯并[a]芘的影响不同,当浓度为1 000 mg/L时,对降解的促进作用最强,可将苯并[a]芘降解率提高20.8%;在苯并[a]芘降解过程中,TX-100亦能作为碳源被菌株Bap9利用,不产生二次污染,因此可用于苯并[a]芘污染环境的生物修复。     

表面活性剂对Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9降解苯并[a]芘的影响

研究了非离子型表面活性剂Triton X-100（TX-100）和Tween80（TW-80）对苯并[a]芘的增溶特性及对苯并[a]芘高效降解菌Bacillus pumilus strain Bap9生长的影响,结果表明,2种表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘均有良好的增溶效果,均能作为碳源和能源被菌株Bap9所利用,TX-100增溶能力和增殖能力相对更强;不同浓度的TX-100对菌株降解苯并[a]芘的影响不同,当浓度为1 000 mg/L时,对降解的促进作用最强,可将苯并[a]芘降解率提高20.8%;在苯并[a]芘降解过程中,TX-100亦能作为碳源被菌株Bap9利用,不产生二次污染,因此可用于苯并[a]芘污染环境的生物修复。     

芘和苯并[a]芘复合污染土壤中的环糊精-微生物连续修复

人为制作芘(Pyr)和苯并[a]芘(Ba P)浓度分别为200 mg·kg~(-1)、100 mg·kg~(-1)的污染土样,通过羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)和芘的降解菌,研究土壤中Pyr和Ba P的修复效果及对微生物群落结构的变化。通过添加10%(w/w)HPCD和5%(v/w)降解菌修复人为污染的土壤,研究发现添加HPCD和降解菌对两种多环芳烃的降解均有促进作用,且同时添加的效果依次强于单独添加HPCD、单独添加降解菌。培养14周后,和对照相比,所有处理的土样中3种酶(脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶以及荧光素二乙酸酯酶)活性均增强,且HPCD+降解菌处理效果使酶活性增强最为显著,与样品的降解效果趋势相似。通过对土壤中2种多环芳烃进行Tenax TA 6 h提取来表征生物有效性,得出土壤中Pyr的生物有效性依次为HPCD处理(M)对照处理(CK)(HPCD+降解菌)处理(MB)■降解菌处理(CKB);即HPCD可以显著增强土壤中Pyr的生物有效性,MB和CKB对土壤中Pyr的生物有效性具有减弱作用,且CKB处理的减弱效果最明显;Ba P的生物有效性依次为HPCD处理(M)■(HPCD+降解菌)处理(MB)对照处理(CK)降解菌处理(CKB);即不仅HPCD对土壤中Ba P的生物有效性增强作用,MB对Ba P的生物有效性也具有增强作用,而且CKB对土壤中Ba P的生物有效性同样具有减弱作用。高通量测序表明,培养10周后,M、MB、CK和CKB 4种样品的土壤细菌组成相似。外接种菌液会提高土壤中的细菌多样性,环糊精的添加会降低土样的细菌多样性,两者都会改变土壤的细菌群落结构。     

空气中苯并B〔a〕P浓度的概率分布

一、引言 研究表明苯并[a]芘(以下称BaP)广泛分布在大气环境中,主要以分子状态附着在颗粒物上在空气中飘浮、由于BaP具有强烈的致癌毒性,因此空气中BaP的含量及其污染趋势成了环境质量评价和环境影响评价的重要指标. 1984年以来,我们承担了若干工程建设项目的环境影响评价工作,对工程所在地空气中BaP浓度进行了测定.本文主要根据监测结果,用以概率论为基础的数理统计方法,探讨空气中BaP浓度数值的频率分布类型以及怎样选择特征参数合理地表达监测数据的典型水平,为环境质量评价及开展环境污染与人群健康关系的研究等提供参考.     

石家庄市大气环境苯并(a)芘污染初步研究

苯并(a)芘(BaP)是多环芳烃类化合物(PAN),是环境中普遍存在的一种致癌性很强的物质.主要来源于含碳燃料和一些有机物的热解过程或不完全燃烧过程.我国城市的BaP现状浓度是较高,主要与能源结     

电阻加热条件优化及其对污染土壤中苯并(a)芘的去除

电阻加热(electrical resistance heating, ERH)是处置挥发性、半挥发性有机污染土壤极具应用潜力的技术之一。基于实验室模拟电阻加热和热传导加热(thermal conductive heating, TCH)小试装置,研究了土壤电阻加热的优选条件及其对土壤中苯并(a)芘(benzo(a)pyrene,BaP)去除率的影响以及土壤中BaP在电阻加热和热传导加热过程中的热脱附动力学。结果表明:土壤水分、盐分、电场强度显著影响土壤ERH升温速率与最高加热温度;在ERH最优条件为8 V·cm~(-1)的电场强度下,添加6 mL的0.1%NaCl溶液,每30 min须补水6 mL,最终BaP去除率为51.56%;在ERH过程中温度变化与电流变化基本同步,土壤水分和持温时间是去除土壤中BaP的重要影响因素;BaP在土壤中去除过程符合抛物线扩散模型,说明BaP在土壤中的去除以微孔扩散为主,去除率受加热时间影响大。本实验结果可为电阻加热技术修复BaP污染土壤提供参考。     

乙酰化滤纸一次层析—萤光分光光度法测定土壤样品中苯并(a)芘

吸附在大气悬浮颗粒物和各种污水、工业废水中的多环芳烃通过不同途径进入土壤中,并且可能被农作物、水生物所吸收,通过生物链而进入动物体内。不少多环芳烃如苯并(a)芘具有致癌性,因此国内外对土壤中的多环芳烃已引起重视,进行了监测。分离和测定的方法已有不少文献报导。但一般程序较长,操作比较复杂。鉴于仅测定土样中的苯并(a)芘(以下简称BaP),本法采用较为简易的分析程序。土样用环己烷—丙酮(1:1)混合溶剂回流提取后,提取液经减压浓缩,一次乙酰化滤纸层析,分离出的BaP斑点用丙酮洗脱,在萤光分光光度计上测量相对萤光强度。本法操作简单,便于推广,BaP分离效果好。不仅适用于一般环境土壤样品,也适用于受钢铁、沥青、焦化厂等污     

醇类淋洗剂淋洗修复多环芳烃污染土壤

异位土壤淋洗技术是一种有效的污染土壤修复技术。以菲和苯并[a]芘为目标污染物,选取醇类作为淋洗剂,考察了醇种类及浓度、淋洗剂用量、淋洗时间、淋洗温度、淋洗次数对污染土壤(菲和苯并[a]芘质量浓度分别为82.5、4.3mg/kg)淋洗效果的影响。结果表明:修复的最佳条件为正丙醇体积分数40%、淋洗剂用量20mL、淋洗温度20℃、淋洗时间60min、重复淋洗2次,此时菲和苯并[a]芘的去除率分别达到93.05%、86.85%。     

一株多环芳烃降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

微生物修复是治理土壤多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)污染的主要方法,而高效降解菌筛选是微生物修复技术的重要基础。从北京焦化厂土壤中筛选分离得到一株PAHs降解菌Q3,通过生理生化和16S rDNA等分析手段鉴定其为Rhodococcus rhodochrous。结果表明:该菌株对芘的耐受能力较强,可降解初始浓度为200 mg·L~(-1)的芘;该菌株具有降解广谱性,可利用苯并[a]芘、苯并[b]荧蒽、二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[g,h,i]苝等9种PAHs为唯一碳源进行代谢,特别是对苯并[a]芘等高环PAHs具有较好的降解效果;此外,该菌株可有效降解模拟液中的混合PAHs,并且对野外被PAHs长期污染的土壤具有较好的强化修复效果。投加菌株处理后的处理组与对照组相比,土壤PAHs总去除率提高了24%。以上结果表明该菌株对环境中被PAHs污染的土壤具有较好的强化修复潜力,可为PAHs污染土壤的微生物修复技术提供技术参考。     

运城市郊区蔬菜中苯并(a)芘污染现状调查研究

苯并(a)芘[简称B(a)P]是一种强致癌性的多环芳烃化合物,来源于煤炭燃烧,汽车尾气,来源于石油、木材、有机高分子化合物不完全燃烧和许多碳氢化合物高温裂解的产物.它广泛地存在于环境中,通过呼吸道、消化道、皮肤等均可被人体吸收,严重危害人类健康.因此,近年来对环境中B(a)P污染的调查研究工作正在日益增多.但是对蔬菜中B(a)P污染的调查研究报导较少.我们以我国北方普遍栽种的蔬菜—西红柿、白菜为对象,从大气—土壤—蔬菜的链索关系对运城市郊区蔬菜中B(a)P的污染现状进行了调查研究. 由于植物体内B(a)P的“多源性”蔬菜与土壤系统中 B(a)P的污染问题是比较复杂的.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.