森林生态补偿机制若干重点问题研究

我国森林资源有限．并且大多分布在经济欠发达地区。然而森林生态效益的受益者主要是江河中下游地区,一般属于经济较发达地区。因而如何给森林生态效益提供者实施补偿．实现生态公平。建立森林生态补偿机制显得十分必要,这也是当前国内外研究的热点问题之一。结合我国的实际情况．在研究提出我国生态补偿政策总体框架和分析评价国内外森杯生态补偿研究与实践进展的基础上．对森林生态补偿机制的若干重点问题进行操讨：界定了森林生态补偿的内涵与范畴;对补偿森林类型进行分类．主要分为防护林、特种用途林两类;对森林生态补偿标准进行估算．考虑营造林的直接投入、保护森林生态功能而放弃经济发展的机会成本和森林生态系统服务功能的效益三个方面的因素;培育森林生态补偿市场化途径,加强对私人企业的激励机制．建立基金寻求国外非政府组织捐赠机构支持等办法;开征森林生态税,对征收对象、征收范围、征收依据和税率等进行研究;最后提出森林生态补偿的“三步走”战略。包括补偿基金完善阶段。补偿基金与生态税双轨并行阶段。生态税独立运行阶段。     

林业生产性服务能促进农户林地规模经营吗?--基于林地流入视角的实证分析

厘清林业生产性服务对农户林地规模经营的影响,可为盘活集体林区林地资源、促进家庭林业发展提供决策参考。为考察林业生产性服务对林地规模经营的影响,首先构建了考虑林业生产性服务及林地规模的农户生产模型,通过理论分析后提出假设:林业生产性服务投入增加,将促进农户增加林地要素投入,即林业生产性服务对农户林地规模经营有正向影响。其次,基于福建500份经营商品林农户调查数据,利用Double-Hurdle模型及工具变量处理选择性偏差、遗漏变量及联立因果等引起的内生性问题,实证分析林业生产性服务对农户林地规模经营的影响。结果发现:不同类型的林业生产性服务对农户林地规模经营影响存在差异。其中,林业信贷服务对农户林地规模经营有正向影响,正规信贷与非正规信贷分别使农户林地流入概率提升19.6%、15.9%,使农户林地流入规模分别扩大66.8%、38.5%。林业物资与技术服务仅在是否流入林地阶段对农户林地规模经营有正向影响,使农户林地流入概率提升8.9%。林业劳动力服务仅在林地流入规模阶段对农户林地规模经营有正向影响,使得农户林地流入规模扩大66.9%。林业销售服务由于买方垄断特征对农户林地规模经营有负向影响,使农户林地流入概率降低12.3%,使农户林地流入规模缩减73.2%。因而,政府应有针对地激励和规范各类林业生产性服务发展,以更好地服务于集体林区家庭林业发展。     

金沙江干热河谷几种引进树种人工植被的生态学研究

采用标准木法和收获法,对金沙江元谋干热河谷几种引进树种的人工植被（即赤桉×新银合欢混交林、赤桉纯林、新银合欢纯林和印楝纯林）各层植被生物量与天然次生植被（坡柳-扭黄茅灌草丛）进行了比较研究,同时对各类植被的物种组成和物种多样性进行了比较分析。结果表明：（1）采用引进树种人工恢复的植被积累了大量生物质,总生物量大小依次为：赤桉×新银合欢混交林（4491 t/hm2）>新银合欢纯林（3991 t/hm2）>赤桉纯林（3857 t/ hm2）>印楝纯林（1306 t/hm2）>天然次生林（935 t/ hm2）。人工恢复植被生物量主要集中在乔木层,天然次生植被生物量主要集中在灌木、草本和凋落物层。（2）人工恢复植被的物种数均少于天然次生植被,而且不同植被的物种数和物种组成也存在差异。（3）各植被的Shannon wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数均表现为：印楝纯林>坡柳-扭黄茅灌草丛>赤桉纯林>赤桉×新银合欢混交林。在Alatato均匀度指数方面,各人工植被之间的差异不大,但人工植被与天然次生植被之间有显著差异。〖     

The role of remittances and decentralization of forest management in the sustainability of a municipal-communal pine forest in eastern Guatemala

At the national scale, forest cover in Guatemala declined at an annual rate of 1.2% during the past quarter century because of settlement that removed primary forests in the northern region of the country; however, the majority of the population of Guatemala still resides in the densely populated central highlands and has extracted timber and fuelwood from adjacent forests for centuries. Using baseline data recorded in 1987 and 1996, this article reexamined the sustainability of a municipal-communal pine forest in San José La Arada, a municipality in eastern Guatemala. The pine forest declined from the period 1987 to 1996 because of overextraction of timber and fuelwood. Forest structure and forest use were reexamined from the period 1996 to 2007 to test the hypothesis that the forest continued to decline. Forest characteristics such as stand density, basal area, tree height, and evidence of forest use were measured to replicate the procedures from previous work at the study area. To understand changes in forest structure and forest use in the context of the rise in remittances and the introduction of decentralized forest governance that emerged since 1996, a household survey was conducted in two adjacent villages. Forest structure improved from 1996 to 2007. From 1996 to 2007, forest characteristics such as stand density, basal area, tree height, and forest regeneration improved and evidence of forest use decreased in the municipal-communal pine forest. The influence of large amounts of remittances from the United States and other regions of Guatemala to households in the adjacent villages and the decentralization of forest governance largely explains the shift toward forest sustainability in San José La Arada.     

Global-scale quantitative assessment for biodiversity on forest land use: applying the Global No Net Loss approach

Here we propose a method to quantitatively assess and examine Global No Net Loss (GNNL) of forest biodiversity on a global scale. The method produces a GNNL index of existing forest and enables future predictions of forest loss under different assumptions. The method tests the feasibility of the GNNL index and enables discussion of policy for future global scale sustainable forest management up to 2050. The GNNL index was estimated from an equation including forest areas per country per forest type (primary forest, secondary forest and plantation forest), diversity of forest ecosystem, and species density. Estimates derived from historical data revealed an approximate 7% reduction in GNNL index between 1990 and 2005. Predictions of the GNNL index until 2050 emphasize the importance of regenerating large portions of forests felled for agricultural land (or other uses) with secondary forests.     

三峡库区多功能防护林体系构成与布局的思考

三峡库区多功能防护林体系主要由水源涵养林、水土保持林、防风固沙林、农田防护林、护岸护滩林、道路防护林及四旁植树等林种构成。多功能防护林布局一是要遵循不同地貌部位的立地条件和社会经济发展需求，最大限度地发挥多功能防护林涵养水源、保持土壤、改善环境等生态功能；二是根据防护对象及可能发生的自然灾害，因地制宜、因害设施布设不同的防护林林种；三是以保障库区的可持续发展为原则，使区域内的自然资源最有效、最合理地得以利用；四是在多功能防护林体系建设中，工程措施与生物措施相结合；五是生态效益与经济效益相结合，当前利益与长远利益相结合；六是在树种选择上实行乔、灌、草相结合。林种配置上，网、带、片相结合；七是以防护林为主，多林种协调发展，使三峡库区防护林体系结构整体优化。     

三峡库区建坝前后森林生态系统服务动态

基于六期Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像数据，利用生态系统服务功能评估规范及GIS空间统计方法，对三峡库区1990~2015年间森林生态系统服务价值动态变化进行分析。结果表明：三峡库区森林面积与森林覆盖率逐年增加，森林面积增长率71.04%，森林覆盖率由31.27%增加到53.48%。库区整体的森林类型结构比较稳定，表现为针叶林>混交林>灌木林>阔叶林。时间上，三峡库区森林生态系统服务价值呈上升趋势，具体表现为快-慢-快的增长特征。三峡库区单位面积森林生态系统服务价值在总体增长趋势下出现局部负增长趋势，各森林类型的单位面积价值与三峡库区整体的单位面积价值有着相同的变化趋势，均表现为增加-减少-增加的变化特征。三峡库区各类型服务价值的贡献表现为：涵养水源>固碳释氧>生物多样性保护>保育土壤>净化大气环境>积累营养物质>森林防护。空间上，1990~2015年，三峡库区森林生态系统服务价值的地域分布大致以巫溪至武隆一线为界，呈现出东南高、西北低的特征。1990~2015年三峡库区森林生态系统服务价值变化幅度呈现出“西增加快，东增趋缓”的格局特点。     

低价林概念商榷

生态系统服务功能已成为生态学及相关领域关注的焦点,人类渴望高效优质的生态系统服务功能。由于种种原因形成了大量的不符合人们经营要求的低价林,它们的生态系统服务功能低下,在很大程度上影响和制约着我国林业乃至社会与经济的可持续发展,低价林问题已引起了人们的普遍关注。目前在学术研究领域和生产实践中,关于低价林方面的称法或概念很多,很不规范,不统一,这也在一定程度上造成了当前低价林的相关研究和实践中较混乱的局面,也严重影响了相关方面的学术交流等活动。针对低价林领域概念比较混乱,不规范,不统一的现状,从森林经营目标的角度定义了低价林概念：把那些由于种种原因引起的没有达到主要经营目标的林分统称为低价林。参照我国林种的划分给出了低价林分类系统;低价林的命名应遵循“（优势）树种－低价－林种”方法。     

基于"压力-状态-响应"框架的长江上游防护林健康评价

长江上游防护林健康评价对提高防护林生态服务功能有着重要作用。基于“压力 状态 响应”分析框架，选取20项指标建立了长江上游防护林健康评价指标体系，并利用熵技术修正层次分析法确定评价指标体系的权重；运用等级赋分法对评价指标无量钢化，使不同区域的防护林健康评价结果具有可比性。利用健康指数法对官司河流域的主要防护林群落马尾松林、柏树林、栎树林、松柏混交林、桤柏混交林健康水平进行定量化研究。评价结果表明：官司河流域防护林综合健康指数为46.95，各种类型防护林健康指数从高到低依次为：栎树林(55.43)＞桤柏混交林(52.54)＞松柏混交林(50.84)＞柏树林(49.68)＞马尾松林(38.92)。研究结果对于长江上游防护林的空间配置与结构优化有一定的参考价值。     

三峡库区几种林下苔藓的保水功能

通过对三峡库区三种森林类型(松栎混交林、栓皮栎纯林、马尾松纯林)林下苔藓储量调查分析及其持水特性试验，得到不同森林类型林下苔藓储量、最大持水量、吸水速率等水文特征参数。结果表明，马尾松纯林林下苔藓储量最大(12．93t／hm^2)，松栎混交林和栓皮栎纯林林下苔藓储量相同(9．47t／hm^2)。松栎混交林林下苔藓最大持水量为5．36mm，栓皮栎纯林为5．73mm，马尾松纯林为6．26mm。研究结果还表明，三峡库区林下苔藓持水量随时间变化过程与森林类型无关。在只有苔藓覆盖情况下，不同森林类型林内不产生水分下渗和地表径流时的最大降雨量和最大降雨雨强分别为：松栎混交林林地5．36mm，5．820mm／h；马尾松纯林林地6．26mm，7．420mm／h；栓皮栎纯林林地5．73mm，6．060mm／h。     

海南省森林生态补偿机制的社会经济影响分析

建立森林生态补偿机制能够部分或全都地实现森林生态效益的价值，体现出利益相关者之间的平等性，动员全社会参与森林生态系统的保育，更好地加强森林可持续经营的能力。本研究以海南省为案例，从居民问卷分析和机构调查分析入手，分析生态公益林区的生态环境和社会经济影响，讨论建立海南省生态补偿的管理机制。研究表明，大多数农户对生态补偿机制持赞同态度。从总体上看，生态补偿机制的建立对改善生态环境起到了很大的作用，但是农户得到森林生态补偿较低，难以有效地提高农户的生活水平。通过案例研究发现，林业管理机构和居民面临的共同困难是资金不足，由此带来生态公益林保护与周边地区经济发展之间的矛盾，表现为保护与地区经济收入的冲突，耕地面积减少与剩余劳动力的矛盾。在案例研究结果的基础上，探讨海南省森林生态补偿机制的核心问题，提出了海南省森林生态补偿机制的初步设想，包括科学制定地方性生态补偿标准、构建高效的地方管理机构，提高社区能力建设以及扩展生态补偿多元化融资渠道等。     

基于C5.0决策树和时序HJ-1A/B CCD数据的神农架林区植被分类

我国神农架林区海拔高、气候复杂,森林类型多样,结构破碎,森林遥感分类难度较大。将2013年时间序列HJ-1A/B CCD遥感影像作为数据源,计算出植被指数(NDVI、DVI、RVI)和主成分第一分量(PC1),使用DEM数据生成地形因子(高程、坡度、坡向),构建植被分类时序因子集。运用C5.0决策树分类法将神农架林区植被细分为七类:针叶林;针阔混交林;落叶阔叶林;常绿和落叶阔叶混交林;常绿阔叶林;灌丛和草甸。结果表明:该方法的总体精度为72.7%,Kappa系数为0.67;在6~8月,针叶林、草甸和灌丛的植被指数明显低于常绿阔叶林、常绿和落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林,对分类的贡献较大,称为植被分类的"窗口期"。PC1、NDVI和高程因子对神农架林地的区分度较高,而坡度、坡向和RVI因子对分类帮助不大。作为一种智能分类方法,C5.0决策树分类方法应用于30m分辨率的时间序列HJ-1A/B CCD数据,能够将地貌复杂的神农架林区植被分为七类,提高了类别精度,具有更高的应用价值。     

庐山不同森林植被类型土壤特性及其健康评价

土壤作为森林生态系统的一个重要因子,评价森林土壤健康状况对森林健康的维护经营以及森林系统功能的发挥具有重要意义。在系统调查和分析庐山8种森林植被类型土壤特性的基础上,评价指标分别从物种多样性以及不同的森林土壤特性中进行筛选,包括物种多样性系数、枯落物层厚度、腐殖质层厚度、土层厚度、容重、粘粒含量、有机质、p H值、阳离子交换量、全氮、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、磷酸酶活性等指标,基于SPSS19.0软件对所获得数据进行差异性检验和相关分析,确定各项指标的权重,应用合适的土壤健康评分函数,将测得的指标值转换为对应指标的分值,最后通过加权综合法,计算其土壤健康指数,并对不同森林植被类型土壤健康状况进行评价。结果表明,8种森林植被类型下最终的土壤健康指数大小排序为:针阔混交林(0.78)常-落混交林(0.72)灌丛(0.69)常绿阔叶林(0.67)落叶阔叶林(0.64)竹林(0.59)马尾松林(0.53)黄山松林(0.46)。     

长江中游城市群森林公园空间分布格局及可达性评价

运用空间分析方法,对长江中游城市群森林公园的空间分布及其可达性进行综合分析,并对不同等级森林公园的空间分异进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)长江中游城市群森林公园在空间上表现为聚集分布,且具有"东密西疏"的空间分布格局,国家级和省级森林公园的分布模式分别为随机分布和聚集分布。(2)长江中游城市群森林公园的空间可达性较好,区域内平均可达性时间为38.84 min,且具有明显的交通指向性,省级森林公园的可达性要优于国家级森林公园。(3)基于县级单元的整体可达性在空间上呈聚集格局,森林公园可达性的热点区域分布自东向西表现为热点区、次热区、次冷区和冷点区,省级森林公园可达性与之表现出较强的相似,而国家级森林公园可达性的热点区域分布相对随机。在此基础上提出相应的对策措施,为长江中游城市群森林旅游的发展提供了依据。     

Modeling spatio-temporal change patterns of forest cover: a case study from the Himalayan foothills (India)

The present study used temporal remote sensing data for 1990, 2001 and 2006 to assess spatio-temporal patterns of forest cover changes in Shiwalik range of the Himalaya, Dehradun forest division. Forests are innately associated to human well-being. However, with the increasing anthropogenic activities, deforestation has increased. Quantitative change analysis of the forest cover for the past two decades provides valuable insight into the forest conservation vis-à-vis anthropogenic activities in the region. Spatio-temporal datasets along with biotic and abiotic variables provide opportunities to model the forest cover change further. The present study investigates forest cover change and predicts status of forest cover in the Dehradun forest division. Land Change Modeller (LCM) was used to predict status of forest cover for 2010 and 2015 using current disturbance scenarios. Comparing actual LULC of 2006 with the predicted LULC of 2006 validated change prediction model and agreement was 61.03%. The forested areas are getting degraded due to anthropogenic activities, but deforestation/degradation does not contribute much in expanding urban area. Agricultural areas and fallow lands are the main contributors to increased urban area. The study demonstrates the potential of geospatial tools to understand spatio-temporal forest cover change and generate the future scenarios.     

From economic to environmental sustainability: the forest management debate in 20th century Finland and Sweden

The issues of sustainability, efficiency, and profitability in private forestry dominated debate on Finnish and Swedish forest policy throughout the 20th century. The management and utilization of private forests have been significant for these countries since more than half of productive forest land has been owned by families. Forests have also played an important role in Finland’s and Sweden’s national economies. There was however no consensus among forest owners and forestry experts—forest scientists and forestry authorities—about the methods of achieving forestry sustainability and profitability, particularly in the early 1900s. This article focuses on the types of argument on which perceptions of good forest management were based, and the reasons for their use. The article also explores how disagreements and occasional open conflicts between private forest owners and forest authorities were solved, and what kind of regulative means were developed to avoid such differences. There are three main reasons for making a case study of Finland and Sweden: Firstly, the forest sector has played an important role in their national economies, secondly, the objectives and content of their forestry laws are quite similar, and thirdly, the tradition of family forest ownership has remained strong. The debate on good forest management in this period revolves around the two silvicultural paradigms: even-aged and uneven-aged systems. The former concerns formal, scientific knowledge of forest management, and the latter takes a traditional approach.     

Socioeconomic Impact of Forest Eco-compensation Mechanism in Hainan Province of China

The establishment of the forest eco-compensation mechanism could realize the value of the forest ecosystem services partly or thoroughly, stress the equality of the stakeholders, encourage public participation in forest ecosystem tendering, and strengthen the capacity of sustainable management. Taking the Hainan province as an example, this study focuses on the analysis of major socioeconomic and ecological impacts of forest eco-compensation in the Qiongzhong County and Lingshui County, and recommends approaches and practices for the establishment of the eco-compensation mechanism in the Hainan Province. Data were collected from a household questionnaire survey. Altogether 120 households have been interviewed, and Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) was applied for data analysis. Most of the respondents held a positive attitude toward the forest eco-compensation policy which has contributed to the improvement of environmental quality. However, forest protection has limited the opportunities for the income growth of local communities, who have never got sufficient compensation from either the central or local governments. Insufficient financial support to forest institutions and local communities involved in forest management has led to major conflicts in forest management, such as, the conflict between forest protection and local economic development, and decrease in arable land area and increase in surplus labor force. On the basis of case study results, the core issues of forest eco-compensation mechanism in Hainan province are discussed. Finally, suggestions and recommendations that cover forest eco-compensation standards, management institutions, and community capacity building and diversification of financing channels, have been made for the establishment of forest eco-compensation mechanism in Hainan.     

我国森林资源资产产权制度存在的问题及对策研究

森林资源概念向森林资源资产概念的演进是可持续发展的客观要求，是人与自然关系逐渐从单纯索取向相互依存转变的实际表现。对森林资源资产产权制度的研究，对于优化森林资源资产配置，实现林业可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。研究认为我国森林资源资产产权制度的问题主要存在于产权意识、产权界定、产权管理和产权制度评价体系等方面上。在对其深层次原因和加剧“三农”问题严重性的负面影响作出分析的基础上，提出解决我国森林资源资产产权制度存在问题的对策：提高行为主体的产权意识和生态意识；重新对森林资源资产产权进行科学和系统的界定；明确森林资源资产产权主体的责权利边界；建立新型的适应社会主义市场经济发展要求的森林资源资产产权管理体制；健全森林资源资产产权变动管理制度；建立森林资源资产补偿机制；建立森林资源资产产权制度的动态评价体系。     

New Development in Study of the Faustmann Optimal Forest Harvesting

Abstract

Chinese forest resources have become very scarce in the face of rapid economic growth demand, while the reform of collective forest right system is in full swing across the country. It will directly affect the regeneration level of forest resources and the diverse ecological value functions. In this article, the mainstream model paradigm of forest economics, that is, the basic framework of the Faustmann model and its evolution process are made in a more detailed explanation, especially the extended model including considered silvicultural effort, tax subsidies, risk dynamic management, and forest regeneration factors are made in more detailed explanations. This article concludes with the future further research directions of forest economics, including the design of dynamic models that includes considered uneven-aged forest management, non-timber goods and services, dynamic forest models. The research reflects the general trend of interdisciplinary and cross-border.     

湖北省森林资源发展问题刍议

湖北省具有发展森林资源的良好条件，但目前的森林覆盖率不高，林种结构不合理，森林生产力相当低。应在保护和经营好现有森林资源的基础上，以扩大森林面积和提高森林质量为中心，统筹规划，合理布局，增加投入，加速发展，科学经营，永续利用，不断提高其经济、社会、生态效益，造福于人民。