惠州农业土壤、灌溉水和农产品中有机氯农药的残留

用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)对惠州市51个农业土壤样品、12个灌溉水样品和21个农产品样品中的HCHs和DDTs残留量进行了测定.HCHs平均含量分别为土壤1.66μg/kg、灌溉水5.86ng/L、农产品24.74μg/kg;DDTs平均含量分别为土壤4.98μg/kg、灌溉水2.06ng/L、农产品41.72μg/kg,土壤中有机氯农药通过多种方式进入到水体及农产品中.从HCHs和DDTs异构体组成可以看出,环境中绝大多数农药残留是由于历史上使用造成的,个别地区可能还有新的污染输入.同其它地区相比,惠州农业土壤和灌溉水中的有机氯农药残留水平较低,但农产品尤其是蔬菜中DDTs富集程度较高.     

水磨河流域有机氯农药污染调查及防治对策

在对水磨河流域实地勘察的基础上,用GC-ECD定量测定了乌鲁木齐市水磨河底泥中有机氯农药HCHs和DDTs的含量,以此来了解水磨河有机氯农药污染情况。结果表明,样品中HCHs和DDTs含量分别为0.107~111.690和0.476~66.512ng/g,其检出率为100%,说明该流域已经普遍受到有机氯农药污染。针对目前的污染现状提出相应的治理措施,以减轻水磨河有机氯农药的污染。     

南四湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药的含量及分布特征

利用气相色谱-电子俘获检测(GC-ECD)方法对南四湖表层沉积物中13种有机氯农药进行了分析测定。每个采样点均检出了有机氯农药,与世界其它类似水体比较,南四湖表层沉积物中的有机氯农药处于低水平含量,属于低生态风险水平。多数点位有机氯农药均是由于历史上使用造成的,但不排除个别点位存在新的污染源。     

乌鲁木齐地表水饮用水源地水体有机氯农药健康风险评价

为了解乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,从一号冰川、英雄桥、乌拉泊水库的9个采样点采集水样,采用液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱法对其中的有机氯农药残留状况进行了测定,水样中9种有机氯化合物的总质量浓度为15.1 ng/L～41.2 ng/L。应用美国国家环保局(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法,对乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中有机氯农药通过食用途径进入人体的危害进行了风险计算和初步评价。结果表明,各监测断面的致癌风险和非致癌风险低于ICRP和USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平,初步认为目前乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中有机氯农药不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

有机氯农药在湖北省菜地土壤中的污染研究

采集了湖北省武汉、宜昌、襄阳地区的45个菜地土壤样品,测定其中11种有机氯农药的残留量,并对其残留特征和污染来源进行了研究分析。结果表明,所有土壤样品中均检出有机氯农药,但大多数点位的污染物含量均低于相关标准限值,通过数据统计和因子分析法得出p,p’-DDT、p,p’-DDE为主要污染物。计算特征比值后发现,该地区滴滴涕污染可能源于传统工业滴滴涕和三氯杀螨醇的混合源,既有早期污染也有新污染的输入,六六六污染主要源于林丹,氯丹残留主要源于早期污染。     

水体沉积物中有毒有机污染物的监测研究进展

介绍了水体沉积物中有毒有机污染物监测的预处理技术,重点评述了我国水体沉积物中主要有毒有机污染物多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的监测研究现状,认为水体沉积物中有毒有机污染物研究领域今后发展的重点和方向是广泛开展国内主要河流、湖泊、海洋的监测研究和其在水体环境中的迁移及转化机理、生殖毒性以及污染消减与修复技术研究;加强新型预处理技术及其与大型仪器联用技术的研究;尽早建立水体沉积物中有毒有机污染物的监测方法标准及污染评价标准。     

湖南省农田土壤中HCH和DDT残留状况研究

2009年6月采集了湖南省农田土壤中的160个样品,采用ASE萃取技术,用GC-MS方法测定了样品中的六六六(HCH)、滴滴涕(DDT)。结果表明:HCH和DDT的检出率为100%,说明湖南省农田土壤中有机氯农药残留现象普遍存在。HCH和DDT的平均含量分别为8.03和36.26μg/kg,范围分别在0.20～17.89μg/kg和5.05～45.96μg/kg。与国内不同区域的同类研究相比,湖南省农田土壤的有机氯残留水平处于中等水平。在不同类型土壤中,有机氯残留状况有所差异,HCH在水稻土中残留量最高,而DDT在棉花田最高。     

北京工业废水和城市污水中有机氯农药残留分析

建立了基于HLB固相萃取柱和气相色谱-电子捕获(GC-ECD)测定水体中有机氯农药的方法,并对方法的回收率、灵敏度进行了评价,同时分析了北京市七类典型污染点源50个采样点位有机氯农药的浓度,检测到的有机氯农药包括γ-六六六、β-六六六、4,4’-滴滴涕、α-六六六、δ-六六六、硫丹Ⅰ、4,4’-滴滴伊、艾氏剂和异狄氏剂,它们的检出率分别为90%、60%、50%、46%、26%、8%、6%、2%和2%。主要有机氯农药污染残留为γ-六六六、β-六六六和4,4’-滴滴涕。检出有机氯农药浓度范围是0.20~76.40ng/L。方法对有机氯农药的回收率达到60.93%~141.50%,方法检测限为0.27~2.90ng/L。     

我国有机氯污染物污染现状及监控对策

各类有机氯污染物在我国的污染非常普遍，主要以六六六，滴滴涕，多氯联苯为主．文中阐述了在20世纪80年代初期禁用的这些有机氯污染物在我国的含量变化，引起其含量差异的原因．阐明了这类污染物在大范围内的分布趋势，提出了在全国乃至全球范围内的这类污染物的监控方法，以及微观影响这些污染物的降解，迁移的因素。     

典型农业生产功能区土壤中六六六、滴滴涕类农药残留及其异构体分布

测定了不同典型农业生产功能区土壤中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留,六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)各同分异构体均有不同程度检出。结果表明,DDTs含量占有机氯农药含量的56%~95%,是污染的主要贡献污染物。HCHs中γ-HCH占45%~79%,DDTs中DDE>40%。其畜禽养殖基地和污水灌溉区污染指数(DDTs)分别为1.6(重污染)和0.6(中污染),其余均小于0.5(轻污染)。     

微波萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中有机氯残留

采用微波萃取-硅镁吸附剂净化-气相色谱法测定土壤中有机氯农药，优化了试验条件。方法线性良好，8种有机氯农药的检出限为0.09ng／g-0.62ng／g，样品测定的RSD为2.6％-13.2％，基质加标平均回收率为93.7％-112％，质控样的测定结果与参考值相吻合。     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in drinking water in the rural areas of Haryana,India

Drinking water samples collected from rural areas of three districts of Haryana during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were analysed for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. The main source of drinking water in rural areas, i.e. groundwater in Ambala and Gurgaon districts and surface water supply in Hisar district, was found to be contaminated with isomers of HCH and endosulfan and metabolites of DDT, whereas dieldrin remained below detection limits. During the study period, the mean values observed for total HCH, DDT and endosulfan were 87.6, 848.2, and 27.4 ng/L and 99.8, 275.3 and 164.2 ng/L, respectively, for Ambala and Gurgaon districts. In the case of Hisar district, the values were 78.5, 115.9, and 53.0 ng/L, respectively. During the study period, 37% of the samples exceeded the total pesticide level of 500 ng/L indicated in the EECD directive for drinking water. Seasonal variations of pesticide residues were also observed during the study period.     

Occurrence of PCBs in raw and finished drinking water at seven public water systems along the Hudson River

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in raw and finished drinking water at seven Public Water Systems (PWSs) along the Hudson River as part of a baseline monitoring program prior to the extensive sediment dredging of the Upper Hudson River. Water samples were either analyzed using an Aroclor method (based on USEPA Method 508) or a congener method (Modified Green Bay Mass Balance Method). Using the congener-based method, raw water concentrations ranged from <9.3 to 164.3 ng/L and finished water concentrations ranged from <9.3 to 186.6 ng/L. Using the Aroclor method, finished water concentrations ranged from <5.0 to 200.9 ng/L. Most finished water samples above 73.0 ng/L were from a PWS with wells drilled near the river. Excluding the well data, total PCB concentrations in raw water at systems in the Upper River were similar to concentrations at systems in the Lower River, though the congener patterns differed. Paired comparison of total PCB concentrations using the two analytical methods showed good agreement, although raw water showed a different relationship than finished water.     

Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and plasticisers in the Selangor River basin and possible pollution sources

A study on the quality of water abstracted for potable use was conducted in the Selangor River basin from November 2008 to July 2009. Seven sampling sites representing the intake points of water treatment plants in the basin were selected to determine the occurrence and level of 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), six phthalate esters (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA). Results indicated OCPs were still detected regularly in 66.1 % of the samples with the Σ₁₅OCPs ranging from 0.6–25.2 ng/L. The first data on PAEs contamination in the basin revealed Σ₆PAEs concentrations were between 39.0 and 1,096.6 ng/L with a median concentration of 186.0 ng/L while BPA concentration ranged from <1.2 to 120.0 ng/L. Although di-n-butyl phthalate was detected in all the samples, concentrations of di-ethyl(hexyl)phthalate were higher. Sampling sites located downstream recorded the highest concentrations, together with samples collected during the dry season. Comparison of the detected contaminants with the Department of Environment Water Quality Index (DOE-WQI) showed some agreement between the concentration and the current classification of stream water. While the results suggest that the sites were only slightly polluted and suitable to be used as drinking water source, its presence is cause for concern especially to the fragile firefly “Pteroptyx tener” ecosystem located further downstream.     

A preliminary study on the occurrence and behavior of carbamazepine (CBZ) in aquatic environment of Yangtze River Delta, China

The occurrence and behavior of carbamazepine (CBZ) was investigated in aquatic environment of Yangtze River Delta, East China. The water samples were enriched by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. The validation of the analytical method included linearity (0.1?C1 mg/L), recovery studies, and determination of limits of quantification. Limits of quantification of CBZ in various aquatic samples were in the range of 0.1?C0.2 ??g/L. CBZ was detected in the Tongji University Intramural River, the Huangpu River, and the Suzhou River with the highest concentration of 1,090 ng/L, but not detected in the Nanhengyin River and the Caojia River. In sewage water samples, CBZ was not detected in one of the sewage treatment plants (STPs) but was detected in the raw influents and effluents at the other three selected STPs in Shanghai, with the concentrations ranging from 230 to 1,110 ng/L. CBZ was not completely eliminated after secondary treatment (with the active sludge process).     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定地表水中33种药物

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)建立了地表水中25种抗生素类药物和8种非抗生素类药物的分析方法。通过重点优化质谱参数、色谱条件、样品pH、洗脱溶剂组成及用量等确定了最佳分析条件。水样经过滤、固相萃取柱富集净化后,选择Shim-pack XR-ODS为色谱柱,以乙腈和0.2%甲酸-2 mmol/L乙酸铵-水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾电离源,在多反应监测模式下(MRM)分析测定,内标法定量。33种药物的仪器定量限为0.012～4.68 ng/L,方法检出限为0.011～7.60 ng/L,地表水加标回收率为53.7%～122%,相对标准偏差为1.22%～32.1%(n=6)。方法成功应用于北京市凉水河12个地表水样分析,共检出32种药物,检出质量浓度为未检出～239 ng/L。利托那韦(RTV)作为新型冠状病毒诊疗方案中推荐的药物在凉水河检出率为100%。     

气相色谱法测定赤水河中段水体中14种有机氯农药的残留

建立了用正己烷萃取,气相色谱—电子捕获（GC—ECD）测定水体中有机氯农药痕量残留的方法。结果表明：六氯苯、α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、p,p′-DDD、p,p′-DDE、p,p′-DDT、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、环氧七氯、o,p′-DDT 14种农药在14 min内有较好的分离;2个不同浓...     

Preliminary occurrence studies of antibiotic residues in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta

An improved liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to investigate the occurrence of selected antibiotic residues in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta. LC and MS parameters were optimized to produce the maximum analytical responses for each compound. The established method targeted five groups of antibiotics, namely, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones, and amphenicols. The method was validated for three types of environmental water matrices, namely, reservoir, river, and estuarine waters. Low detection limits of 0.17–0.18 ng/L for macrolides, 0.22–0.34 ng/L for quinolones, 0.67–1.65 ng/L for tetracyclines, and 0.27–0.56 ng/L for sulfonamides were obtained. No apparent interferences were observed in the chromatograms of all antibiotics groups. The developed method was preliminarily used to analyze water samples collected from Yuen Long River in New Territories, Hong Kong and four sites along the Pearl River Delta. Results showed that high level of tetracycline was found among the groups tested in the local river samples. In Pearl River Delta, we identified significant levels of erythromycin, roxithromycin, and sulfadiazine in Shenzhen Reservoir.     

Occurrence, distribution and bioaccumulation of antibiotics in the Haihe River in China

The occurrence, distribution and bioaccumulation of 22 antibiotics, including eight fluoroquinolones (FQs), nine sulfonamides (SAs) and five macrolides (MLs), in the Haihe River were investigated. Surface water, sediment and fish samples were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. Ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, erythromycin and roxithromycin were found in all surface water samples. SAs were the predominant antibiotics in surface water samples in the mainstream of Haihe River, with the maximum concentration of 201 ng L(-1) for sulfamethoxazole. Compared with Haihe River, higher concentrations of antibiotics were found in the surface water samples in the Dagu and Chentaizi Drainage Rivers. The antibiotics pollution in the mainstream of Haihe River may derive from its tributaries, whereas the wastewater from fish ponds was not the main source of FQs, SAs and MLs in the river water. In sediment samples, FQs were the most frequently detected antibiotics and their concentrations were much higher than SAs and MLs. The high concentrations and detection frequencies of FQs in sediments indicate that sediments are an important reservoir for FQs as they are strongly adsorbed onto sediments. Ciprofloxacin and erythromycin exhibited potential bioaccumulation in crucian carp, with mean bioaccumulation factors of 3262 L kg(-1) and 4492 L kg(-1), respectively.     

Occurrence and behaviour of 4-nonylphenol in river water of Germany

An analytical method composed of solid-phase-extraction (SPE) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed to investigate the occurrence and the behaviour of the endocrine disruptor 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in river water of Germany. 16 Para-isomers of the complex mixture of 4-NP isomers have been resolved in the SPE-extracts of river water samples. The mass spectra indicate the presence of four distinct groups of isomers. The different groups are characterised by different base peaks of the mass spectra dependent on the substitution of the alpha-carbon on the alkyl chain. The different isomers show (i) alpha-methyl, alpha-ethyl (base peak 149), (ii) alpha-dimethyl (base peak 135), (iii) alpha-methyl, alpha-propyl, alpha-butyl (base peak 121) and (iv) alpha-methyl, alpha-propyl, alpha-butyl (base peak 107) configuration of the alkyl chain. The recovery of the unbranched compound 4-n-NP was > or = 90%. Detection limit and determination limit of the whole analytical procedure were 6 ng L(-1) and 25 ng L(-1), respectively with a relative standard deviation of 11.7%. The concentration of the sum of the 4-NP isomers in all samples of river water ranged from 28 ng L(-1) (Elbe River) to 1220 ng L(-1)(Oder River). In a period of a higher river water level, a higher amount of 4-NP was detected in the Oder River than in a period of a lower water level. Therefore dilution was not the determinant factor of the 4-NP concentration in river water. The diurnal dynamics of the sewage treatment works (STWs) have to be considered as an influencing factor for the presence of 4-NP in river water.