乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中邻苯二甲酸酯类健康风险评价

近年来,乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DOP或DEHP)均有检出。采用USEPA的健康风险评价方法,对乌鲁木齐市地表水饮用水源地水体中DBP和DOP通过饮水和皮肤接触途径进入人体的危害进行风险计算和初步评价。结果表明,各监测点的致癌风险和非致癌风险远低于USEPA和RICRP推荐的可接受风险标准值,初步判断目前乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中DBP和DOP不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

乌鲁木齐市主要饮用水源地水质健康风险评价

运用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对2011—2013年乌鲁木齐市主要地下和地表饮用水源地水体中污染物通过饮水途径致人体健康危害风险进行初步评价,结果显示:致癌物和非致癌物所致个人健康危害年风险均低于USEPA和国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)最大可接受风险水平,致癌物产生的健康危害年风险数量级10-9~10-5,高出非致癌物101~107数量级,各饮用水源地的个人健康危害年总风险以致癌物风险为主,致癌物中的重金属六价铬和砷风险占总风险的比例高达99.6%,应优先控制,地表水源地中挥发性有机致癌物对人体产生的潜在健康危害也不容忽视,非致癌物中要特别重视氟化物的危害。     

海南饮用水源地水体中阿特拉津健康风险评价

采用全自动固相萃取-超高压液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS-MS)测定海南饮用水源地原水中阿特拉津的含量。结果表明,在22个监测点位中,阿特拉津的检出率达到69.7%,其检出浓度为未检出~74.8 ng/L,浓度值均低于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中阿特拉津的标准限值。采用USEPA推荐的健康风险评价方法,对海南饮用水源地原水中阿特拉津通过饮用水和皮肤接触途径引起的健康风险进行了初步评价,阿特拉津通过饮用水和洗浴途径引起的非致癌总风险指数、致癌总风险指数分别为0~7.1×10-5和0~5.7×10-7,均在USEPA的建议值内,初步认为海南饮用水源地原水中的阿特拉津不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地中邻苯二甲酸酯健康风险评价

采用美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地中的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)通过饮水途径致人体健康危害风险进行初步评价。结果显示,乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地的2种PAEs[邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二四酸二丁酯(DBP)]浓度全部达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)特定项目标准限值要求,DEHP总检出率达58.3%~100.0%,DBP总检出率达100%,DEHP通过饮水途径引起的致癌和非致癌总风险数量级达10^(-10)~10^(-8),DBP通过饮水途径引起的非致癌风险数量级达10^(-13)~10^(-11)。乌鲁木齐市地下饮用水源地的DEHP浓度全部达到《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—2017)中Ⅰ类标准限值要求,总检出率达66.7%~100.0%,通过饮水途径引起的总风险数量级分布中,城市集中式饮用水源地为10^(-10)~10^(-9),县城(区)饮用水源地为10^(-10)~10^(-8)。地表和地下饮用水源地的致癌和非致癌总风险均低于US EPA和国际癌症机构(ICRP)的最大可接受风险水平,并低于瑞典环境保护署、荷兰建设和环境署以及英国皇家协会的最大可接受风险水平,处于Ⅰ级,低风险状态。     

杭州贴沙河微囊藻毒素污染特征及健康风险评价

在2014年9月杭州贴沙河出现蓝藻异常增殖期间,利用固相萃取-液质联用法对水体中胞外微囊藻毒素(EMC)和总微囊藻毒素(TMC)进行监测。共检出以MC-LR为主的8种微囊藻毒素(MC)单体,TMC总的质量浓度为63.9 ng/L~1 090 ng/L,其中MC-LR质量浓度为31.6 ng/L~472 ng/L,毒性等效MC-LR浓度为51.8 ng/L~862 ng/L,检出的MC-LR浓度值均低于限值标准。采用USEPA推荐模型对水体中MC污染的健康风险进行评价。各批次水样中MC-LR的非致癌健康风险指数(HI)为0.03~0.39,毒性等效MC-LR的HI介于0.04和0.72之间,均低于基准值,说明贴沙河作为饮用水水源尚无明显的健康风险。     

废弃农药厂土壤和地下水中有机磷农药的健康风险评价

采用气相色谱氮磷检测器法测定了某废弃农药厂土壤和地下水中有机磷农药(OPPs)的含量,并用美国环保署(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法,对该场地土壤和地下水中OPPs引起的健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,土壤、地下水中∑OPPs的检出浓度范围分别为1.3~1 129μg/kg和48.0~149.2 ng/L,点位检出率分别为73%、100%。土壤和地下水中OPPs的非致癌总风险指数均小于1,致癌总风险指数均在10-4以下。根据USEPA的建议值,初步认为该场地土壤和地下水中OPPs不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

长江口南通地区饮用水源地健康风险评价

对长江口南通地区饮用水源地中镉、砷、六价铬等有毒有害物质的浓度进行了调查,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对各饮用水源地有毒有害物质所引起的健康风险做了初步评价。结果表明,长江口南通地区饮用水源地通过饮水途径基因毒物质中化学致癌物所产生的健康风险的数量级为10^-8~10^-5,其中As 在如海河和新通扬运河所引起的致癌风险最大,高于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP) 推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平;通过饮水途径引起的非致癌健康风险远低于ICRP 推荐的最大可接受风险水平。基因毒物质中砷和六价铬这2种毒物应被列为该地区饮用水源地水和水厂制水过程中优先检测和控制的致癌污染物,应重点关注基因毒物质六价铬和砷对人体所产生的健康风险。     

乌鲁木齐乌拉泊水库水体中重金属健康风险评价

为了解乌鲁木齐市主要饮用水源地乌拉泊水库水体中重金属含量,特对此进行了调查研究,并应用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险的初步评价。结果表明,乌拉泊水库由致癌物质Cr、As、Cd通过饮水途径引起的个人年健康风险值表现为CrAsCd,风险值为10-7~10-5a-1,Cr的风险值高于国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)的推荐值(5×10-5a-1),成为乌拉泊水库水体的主要致癌因子;乌拉泊水库由非致癌物Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg所引起的健康危害的个人年风险以Cu为大,Pb次之,Hg和Zn较小,风险水平为10-10~10-8a-1,远低于ICRP和USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平。     

太湖饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价

介绍了水环境健康风险评价方法,并根据太湖饮用水源地水环境质量监测数据,对4个饮用水源地通过饮水途径引起的水环境健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,2005～2009年,4个饮用水源地水环境健康个人年风险多数超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的标准,主要风险因子为化学致癌物六价铬和砷;化学致癌物对人体健康危害个人年风险度远高于非化学致癌物;化学致癌物所致健康危害的个人年风险呈波动降低变化,非化学致癌物所致健康危害的个人年风险基本保持稳定。     

南方某河流型饮用水源地重金属健康风险评估

对南方某河流型饮用水源地水中重金属含量进行调查研究,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险评价。结果表明,该饮用水源地水中重金属类污染物健康风险值相对较低,其中重金属类致癌污染物的健康风险均值大小顺序为CrAsCd,其值分别为8.19×10-6、2.11×10-6、1.59×10-7a-1,Cr、As的风险值高于瑞典、荷兰、英国推荐的最大可接受水平(1×10-6a-1),而低于国际(ICRP)与美国环保局的健康风险可接受水平(5×10-5a-1和1×10-4a-1),成为该饮用水源地的主要致癌污染因子。重金属类非致癌污染物的健康风险均值大小顺序为CuNiZn,其值分别为1.95×10-10、1.19×10-10、5.73×10-12a-1,均远远低于致癌污染物的健康风险值。     

Distribution, sources, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in drinking water resources from Henan Province in middle of China

Distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in drinking water resources have been carried out for the first time in Henan Province, China. Water samples collected from four river systems and their tributaries, as well as groundwater resources, were analyzed according to EPA method 525.2. Total of 68 water samples were collected in 18 cities in Henan province in May, August and November, 2001. Concentrations of sum of 16 priority PAHs in water samples ranged from 15 to 844 ng/L with a mean value of 178 +/- 210 ng/L (n = 68). The spatial and temporal distribution of PAHs showed that the Huanghe and the Huaihe river systems had relatively higher concentrations of total PAHs. Higher concentrations of total PAHs were observed in August and November than in May, with respective mean values of 262, 232 and 33.6 ng/L. Ratios of Ant/(Ant + Phe) and Flur/(Flur + Pyr) were calculated to evaluate the possible sources of PAH contamination, which indicated that the coal combustion sources were the main contributors to PAHs in most drinking water resources. Some petrogenic (or pyrolytic) sources of PAHs were also found. The toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) were used to calculate benzo[a]pyrene equivalents (BaPE) for water samples. The average value of BaPE was 0.6 ng/L. The values in most stations were much lower than the guideline values in drinking water of Chinese Environmental Protection Agency (CEPA, 2.8 ng/L) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA, 200 ng/L). Overall, the drinking water resources in Henan province showed some carcinogenic potential.     

某农药厂周边空气毒死蜱污染状况及健康风险评价

为了研究某农药厂毒死蜱生产对周围人群产生的潜在健康风险,在农药厂周围村庄设置采样点,采用大流量大气采样器采集大气样本,索式提取/气相色谱法分析毒死蜱浓度。结果表明,大气气溶胶中毒死蜱的质量浓度为0.2~189 ng/m3,大气颗粒物中毒死蜱浓度较低,质量浓度为ND~3.50 ng/m3。基于美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价方法计算结果表明,大气毒死蜱暴露对于儿童和成人的非致癌风险控制在EPA推荐的可接受风险水平。     

Comparative cancer risk assessment of THMs in drinking water from well water sources and surface water sources

This research evaluates the lifetime cancer risks from trihalomethanes in Tehran's drinking water. The Trihalomethanes were measured in seven different water districts. Sixty-three samples were taken from tap water across the city for 7 months. The samples were analyzed for trihalomethanes using US EPA method 524.2. The average concentration of total trihalomethanes in different districts were between 0.81 and 9.0 μg/L, and the highest concentrations were detected in district 2 at 19.5 μg/L. Total lifetime cancer risks assessment from exposure to trihalomethanes in drinking water (ingestion, inhalation, and skin routes) were performed for people living in different districts in Tehran. The lifetime cancer risk was 7.19 × 10(-5) in district 2 (a more affluent neighborhood) where mostly surface water sources is used to supply drinking water and 9.38 × 10(-6) in district 7 (a less affluent neighborhood) which is mainly supplied with well water sources. Based on the population data, the total expected lifetime cancer cases from exposure to trihalomethanes are 104, 108, 81, 81, 41, 27, and three for districts 1 through 7, respectively. The average lifetime cancer risk was 4.33 × 10(-5) which means a total of 606 lifetime cancer cases for the entire province of Tehran. The highest risk from THMs seems to be from the inhalation route followed by ingestion and dermal contacts.     

Distribution and risk assessment of organochlorine contaminants in surface water from River Chenab, Pakistan

Concentrations in surface waters (including particulate phase) of the River Chenab ranged from 27-1100 ng L(-1) and 25-1200 ng L(-1) for OCPs and 7.7-110 ng L(-1) and 13-99 ng L(-1) for PCBs during summer and winter, respectively from 2007-2009. DDTs exhibited the highest concentration, followed by HCHs > chlordane > ∑(24)PCBs > ∑other OCPs. Different indicative ratios for organochlorines suggest that current use, long range transport and also past application of these chemicals contribute to the total burden. Statistical analysis highlighted agricultural and industrial activities and municipal waste disposal as main sources of OCPs and PCBs in the riverine ecosystem of the River Chenab. Risk Quotients (RQ(CCCs)) > 10 for DDTs and PCBs levels in collected water samples from the River Chenab suggest that risk from DDTs and PCBs is moderate to severe and fluxes calculated for OCPs and PCBs from the River Chenab to the Indus River were 7.5 tons per year and 1.0 tons per year, respectively.     

遂宁城乡集中式饮用水水源地钡分布特征及健康风险评价

为考察遂宁市辖区内集中式饮用水水源地污染物钡的分布特征和健康风险水平,通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对研究区域内市级、县级和乡镇级所有在用的56个集中式饮用水水源地钡的浓度进行分析检测,借助空间分析与统计分析的结果,探讨了其空间分布和浓度差异,并利用环境健康风险评价模型,对不同类型水源地钡的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,38个地表水水源地钡的浓度范围为0.065~0.180 mg/L,均值为0.110 mg/L;18个地下水水源地钡的浓度范围为0.027~0.370 mg/L,均值为0.130 mg/L。地表水与地下水水源地间钡的浓度差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),钡的空间分布也存在不同程度的差异性。各水源地中的钡经饮用和皮肤暴露两种途径对成人和儿童所引起的非致癌风险值为1.34×10~(-8)~1.62×10~(-8),远低于推荐的最大可接受风险水平(1.0×10~(-6)),各水源地因污染物钡导致的非致癌风险极低。     

Investigations on boron levels in drinking water sources in China

To evaluate boron contamination of public drinking water in China, both dissolved and total boron contents in 98 public drinking water sources from 49 cities, 42 brands of bottled water samples from supermarkets in several cities, and 58 water samples from boron industrial area were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Our experimental results showed that boron existed in public drinking water sources mainly in dissolved status with total concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 0.337 mg/L (mean = 0.046 mg/L). The mean boron concentrations in mineral and pure bottled water were 0.052 and 0.028 mg/L, respectively. The results obtained in this work showed that there was no health risk on view of boron in public drinking water sources and bottled water. In boron industrial area, boron concentrations in surface water and ground water were 1.28 mg/L (range = 0.007–3.8 mg/L) and 18.3 mg/L (range = 0.015–140 mg/L), respectively, which indicated that boron industry caused boron pollution in local water system.     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水中甲基汞

根据巯基棉在一定酸性条件下能定量吸附甲基汞的原理,利用多通道并联的固相萃取装置,采用气相色谱(ECD)方法测定饮用水中痕量甲基汞,考察了水样pH值对回收率的影响.方法在0.050 mg/L～1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,当采样体积为1.0 L时,检出限为0.03 ng/L,标准样品与实际水样平行测定的相对标准偏差均...     

Exposure assessment of endocrine disruptors in bottled drinking water of Lebanon

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a commonly used monomer in various products including bottled water. Numerous studies have reported endocrine adverse effects and neoplasia associated with BPA exposure in animals. However, considerable discrepancies exist among these studies with respect to both the nature of the toxic effects and the threshold dose. In Lebanon, 19-L polycarbonate (PC) bottles of drinking water are widely used in urban areas. The present study aims at assessing BPA human exposure and associated health risks from drinking water in Lebanese. A total of 22 bottled water sources, packaged in PC, were identified from licensed and non-licensed sources. Water samples were analyzed following exposure to sunlight for 72 h. BPA in water was quantified by HPLC, and other potential organic pollutants were screened by GC/MS. Fifty-nine percent of samples showed BPA levels above detection limits (>0.05 ng/mL). The median BPA level was 0.1 ng/mL (range 0.05 to 1.37 ng/mL). The mean BPA level for the total number of samples was 0.169 ng/mL (±0.280). A higher mean BPA level was found in water from licensed companies compared to non-licensed sources, however, not statistically significant. Screening showed the presence of dibutyl-phthalate and dioctyl-phthalate in only two samples. Endocrine disruptors (EDR) are ubiquitous contaminants in bottled water in Lebanon with potential health risk implications. Although estimated exposure levels are below the reference dose (RfD), further studies are needed to quantitate exposure from various sources and to investigate EDR contribution to existing epidemics in the country.     

抑制型电导-离子色谱法测定水中无机阴离子

采用抑制型电导-离子色谱法测定生活饮用水、污水和地表水中F-、Cl-、NO2-、Br-、NO3-、PO43-、SO42-等7种无机阴离子,对清洁水样过滤后直接测定,浑浊样品离心后取上清液过滤测定。F-在0.100 mg/L~1.20 mg/L范围内、其余6种阴离子在1.00 mg/L~12.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.031 mg/L~0.47 mg/L,水样平行测定的RSD为0.9%~1.8%,加标回收率为82.6%~110%。     

饮用水源水中丙烯醛测定方法改进

对饮用水源水中丙烯醛的气相色谱标准测定方法作了改进,由直接进样改为吹扫捕集进样,由极性色谱柱改为中等极性色谱柱.方法在0.010 mg/L～0.100 mg/L范围内线性良好,最低检出限和检测下限分别为0.000 5 mg/L和0.002 mg/L,水样平行测定的RSD为2.8%～5.2%,平均加标回收率为90.0%～...