城市节假日前后碳通量特征及其与车流量关系

全球变化背景下,城市作为主要的碳源,对其碳循环的研究成为陆地生态系统碳循环的重点内容之一。以上海市奉贤区为研究对象,基于涡度相关技术,结合定点连续观测的车流量数据,分析节假日（元旦）前后CO2浓度和碳通量的变化特征,及其与车流量的关系。结果表明,CO2浓度和通量日变化呈现明显的双峰型曲线,节假日CO2浓度（385.6mg/L）平均值低于工作日（401.1 mg/L）。在本研究时段内该系统表现为碳源,尽管在白天的某些时段是碳汇,表明城市系统碳通量受自然和人为2个因素共同作用,自然因素比如该系统中的香樟、雪松等常绿植物的光合作用,人为因素由人类活动造成。基于车流量与交通流量的线性回归分析表明,机动车量碳排放对于碳通量变化产生18%的贡献。     

森林碳汇减排项目现状及前景分析

通过对森林碳汇发展背景的概述,分析了国际、国内森林碳汇项目开发现状,深入剖析了森林碳汇项目发展的制约因素和存在风险,并对森林碳汇项目的发展前景进行了展望,通过森林碳汇交易市场可以实现全球范围成本低、效益好的CO2减排效果,为实现全球环境、经济与社会的可持续发展创造条件.     

上海市交通碳排放量与城市发展的关系研究

随着社会经济快速发展,上海市交通需求量逐年增长,导致交通运输行业的能源消费量以及碳排放量不断增加。研究了1998—2012年上海市交通碳排放量与城市发展的关系,并对该市的交通碳排放量进行了预测与情景分析。结果表明,上海市交通碳排放量与人均GDP、人均消费支出、城市化率均呈显著的正相关关系。协整检验显示,上海市交通碳排放量与上海市城市发展存在协整关系。对交通碳排放量影响最显著的是城市化率,其次是人均GDP,再次是人均消费支出。在正常、低碳、强化低碳情景下,2050年上海市的交通碳排放量分别为46 599.24万、28 196.70万、9 575.47万t。通过转变发展方式,有望科学合理地减少交通碳排放量。     

环评中生物多样性影响评价内容与方法探析

环境影响评价(简称"环评")中生物多样性影响评价在生物多样性保护中具有重要的作用。介绍了环评中生物多样性影响评价的基本内涵和主要特征及其在中国的发展现状,分析了现有评价内容和方法所存在的不足,并提出从完善评价指标体系、建立有效的评价预测模型、加强GIS技术在实际评价工作中的实践来加强环评中生物多样性影响评价工作。     

上海市污染土壤环境质量评价标准体系构建之探讨

构建符合上海市土壤特征的污染土壤环境质量评价标准体系,可以有效指导上海市污染土壤的风险评估和修复工作。介绍了国外土壤环境质量评价标准体系构建的现状,分析了中国土壤环境质量评价标准体系的特点和不足,以《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准》(暂行)(HJ/T 350—2007)为基础,建议在制订土壤环境质量指导值时,根据上海市规划特点选择敏感受体和土地利用类型,并结合上海市污染土壤背景选择关注污染物及暴露途径;建议根据修复技术、修复模式(原位修复或异位修复)和修复后土壤去向制订土壤修复标准。同时,建议在上海市污染土壤环境质量评价标准体系构建过程中,充分考虑中国仪器分析水平,并加强相关法律法规建设,确保标准体系的有效应用。     

东京根霉对重金属Cr3+、Mn2+和Zn2+的吸附研究

利用固定化发酵中产生的废菌体--东京根霉(Rhizopus tonkinesis)去除废水中Cr3 、Mn2 和Zn2 ,研究了预处理、pH、温度、金属离子初始浓度、吸附时间等条件对吸附量的影响.结果表明,用NaOH浸泡4～6 h、在pH=5～6,温度25～35℃时吸附效果最好,用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin方程对其吸附等温线进行拟合,相关性都比较好;用不同的吸附动力学方程描述东京根霉吸附金属离子的最优和最次模型分别为Elovich方程和一级扩散方程,双常数方程和抛物线扩散方程拟合介于前二者之间.     

苏北地区饮用水源保护现状分析与思考

论述了江苏省苏北地区饮用水源保护工作的现状和存在问题,分析了影响苏北饮用水源安全的因素,探讨了加强饮用水源安全的措施建议,为地方政府及环保等部门加强对苏北地区饮用水源保护工作的决策提供参考。     

中国水质标准之间的链接与差异性思考

系统分析了中国水环境质量标准和污水排放标准的多样性和差异性,研究了水质标准体制,分析了水质标准执行过程中存在的问题.分析表明,过去中国水质标准的制订是以用水为目的,在执行过程中与以水环境保护的目标存在不协调;当前不同类型水质标准、国家标准与行业标准之间的衔接性和科学件较差,标准限值之间存在偏差和矛盾.同时,建议将来进一步明确水环境保护目标,加强部门间的协调,建立一套完整、科学、实用的水质标准体系.     

《环境污染与防治》网络版论文摘要

加强上海市危险废物管理的思考刁炳祥(东华大学环境科学与工程学院,上海200051)总结了当前上海加强危险废物管理的五个方面的相关背景和必要性。分析了上海危险废物的产生、处置和利用以及监督管理的现状和特点。就管理、执法、应急预案、培训服务、重视对工业固体废物和危险化学品的管理等,提出了加强上海市危险废物管理的对策和建议。关键词危险废物加强管理对策垃圾压缩站污水污染防治研究张鸿郭周少奇(华南理工大学环境科学与工程学院,广东广州510640)垃圾压缩站解决了当前城市垃圾收集运输困难的难题,有利于城市生活垃圾的卫生填埋处置…     

表面活性剂对叶面滞尘作用的影响

表面活性剂能够增强植物叶面滞尘能力,研究不同表面活性剂对植物滞尘能力的影响,对于利用植物防治粉尘污染有重要意义。以LAS、DTAB、AR和APG200为喷洒试剂,研究了8种植物吸附表面活性剂后滞留粉尘的重量、组分。结果表明,LAS浓度、植物种类、表面活性剂类型对滞尘量和面积比具有显著影响(P0.05);表面活性剂能够有效提高植物滞尘能力,LAS、DTAB效果优于生物型AR、APG200,且测试叶面滞尘量的变化与叶面接触角无明显关系;LAS使除朴树外所有植物的滞尘能力增加的浓度为0.2 g/L,而对滞留粉尘组分改变较大的浓度为0.5 g/L;此外,表面活性剂能改变滞留粉尘的组分,但不具有明显的规律性,粉尘的遮光比变化趋势与叶面滞尘量基本相似。     

Dioxin- and POP-contaminated sites—contemporary and future relevance and challenges

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Once they have been generated, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can persist in soils and sediments and in waste repositories for periods extending from decades to centuries. In 1994, the US EPA concluded that contaminated sites and other reservoirs are likely to become the major source of contemporary pollution problems with these substances. With this in mind, this article is the first in a new series in ESPR under the title 'Case Studies on Dioxin and POP Contaminated Sites--Contemporary and Future Relevance and Challenges', which will address this important issue. The series will document various experiences from sites contaminated with PCDD/F and other POPs. This article provides an overview of the content of the articles comprising the series. In addition, it provides a review of the subject in its own right and identifies the key issues arising from dioxin/POP-contaminated sites. Additionally, it highlights the important conclusions that can be drawn from these examples. The key aim of this article and of the series as a whole is to provide a comprehensive overview of the types of PCDD/F contaminated sites that exist as a result of historical activities. It details the various processes whereby these sites became contaminated and attempts to evaluate their contemporary relevance as sources of PCDD/Fs and other POPs. It also details the various strategies used to assess these historical legacies of contamination and the concepts developed, or which are under development, to effect their remediation. MAIN FEATURES: Special sessions on 'Contaminated sites--Cases, remediation, risk and policy' were held at the DIOXIN conferences in 2006 and 2007, and this theme will be continued at DIOXIN 2008 to be held in Birmingham. Selected cases from the approximately 70 contributions made to these sessions, together with some additional invited case studies are outlined together with the key issues they raise. By evaluating these cases and adding details of experiences published in the current literature, an overview will be given of the different features and challenges of dioxin and POP-contaminated sites. RESULTS: This article provides a systematic categorisation of types of PCDD/F and POP-contaminated sites. These are categorised according to the chemical or manufacturing process, which generated the PCDD/Fs or POPs and also includes the use and disposal aspects of the product life cycle in question. The highest historical PCDD/F and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination burdens have arisen as a result of the production of chlorine and of chlorinated organic chemicals. In particular, the production of chlorinated pesticides, PCBs and the related contaminated waste streams are identified being responsible for historical releases of toxic equivalents (TEQs) at a scale of many tonnes. Along with such releases, major PCDD/F contaminated sites have been created through the application or improper disposal of contaminated pesticides, PCBs and other organochlorine chemicals, as well through the recycling of wastes and their attempted destruction. In some extreme examples, PCDD/F contaminated sites have also resulted from thermal processes such as waste incinerators, secondary metal industries or from the recycling or deposition of specific waste (e.g. electronic waste or car shredder wastes), which often contain chlorinated or brominated organic chemicals. The examples of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB contamination of fish in European rivers or the impact of contaminated sites upon fishing grounds and upon other food resources demonstrate the relevance of these historical problems to current and future human generations. Many of the recent food contamination problems that have emerged in Europe and elsewhere demonstrate how PCDD/F and dioxin like PCBs from historical sources can directly contaminate human and animal feedstuffs and indeed highlight their considerable contemporary relevance in this respect. Accordingly, some key experiences and lessons learnt regarding the production, use, disposal and remediation of POPs from the contaminated sites are summarised. DISCUSSION: An important criterion for evaluating the significance and risks of PCDD/Fs and other POPs at contaminated sites is their present or future potential for mobility. This, in turn, determines to a large degree their propensity for off-site transport and environmental accessibility. The detailed evaluation of contaminated site cases reveals different site-specific factors, which influence the varied pathways through which poor water-soluble POPs can be mobilised. Co-contaminants with greater water solubility are also typically present at such sites. Hence, pumping of groundwater (pump and treat) is often required in addition to attempting to physically secure a site. At an increasing number of contaminated sites, securing measures are failing after relatively short time spans compared to the time horizon, which applies to persistent organic pollutant contamination. Due to the immense costs and challenges associated with remediation of contaminated sites 'monitored natural attenuation' is increasingly gaining purchase as a conceptual remediation approach. However, these concepts may well prove limited in their practical application to contaminated sites containing persistent organic pollutants and other key pollutants like heavy metals. CONCLUSIONS: It is inevitable, therefore, that dioxin/POP-contaminated sites will remain of contemporary and future relevance. They will continue to represent an environmental issue for future generations to address. The securing and/or remediation of dioxin/POP-contaminated sites is very costly, generally in the order of tens or hundreds of millions of dollars. Secured landfills and secured production sites need to be considered as constructions not made for 'eternity' but built for a finite time scale. Accordingly, they will need to be controlled, supervised and potentially repaired/renewed. Furthermore, the leachates and groundwater impacted by these sites will require ongoing monitoring and potential further remediation. These activities result in high maintenance costs, which are accrued for decades or centuries and should, therefore, be compared to the fully sustainable option of complete remediation. The contaminated site case studies highlight that, while extensive policies and established funds for remediation exist in most of the industrialised western countries, even these relatively well-regulated and wealthy countries face significant challenges in the implementation of a remediation strategy. This highlights the fact that ultimately only the prevention of contaminated sites represents a sustainable solution for the future and that the Polluter Pays Principle needs to be applied in a comprehensive way to current problems and those which may emerge in the future. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: With the continuing shift of industrial activities in developing and transition economies, which often have poor regulation (and weak self-regulation of industries), additional global challenges regarding POPs and other contaminated sites may be expected. In this respect, a comprehensive application of the "polluter pays principle" in these countries will also be a key to facilitate the clean-up of contaminated areas and the prevention of future contaminated sites. The threats and challenges of contaminated sites and the high costs of securing/remediating the problems highlight the need for a comprehensive approach based upon integrated pollution prevention and control. If applied to all polluting (and potentially polluting) industrial sectors around the globe, such an approach will prove to be both the cheapest and most sustainable way to underpin the development of industries in developing and transition economies.     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sources and fate of PCDD and PCDF

PCDD and PCDF were found in urban air particulates from St. Louis and Washington, D.C., and in sediments from the Great Lakes and Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. The similarity between the PCDD and PCDF found in air particulates and sediment samples and the presence of PCDD and PCDF in sediment from Siskiwit Lake (a location which can receive only atmospheric inputs) suggest that these compounds are emitted to the atmosphere from combustion sources. The historical input of PCDD and PCDF to dated sediment cores shows a strong increase since 1940, and this suggests that the incineration of chlorinated organic compounds is an important source of PCDD and PCDF to the environment.