产1,3-丙二醇温控重组大肠杆菌JM109(pBV220-yqhD-dhaB)的构建

1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)是一种重要的化工原料,其最重要的用途是作为合成聚酯PTT的单体.由于微生物发酵法生产1,3-PD具有操作简单,不易产生有毒副产物等特点,已得到广泛关注.本研究在前期工作的基础上,分别获得了来源于肺炎克雷伯氏菌的甘油脱水酶编码基因dhaB和来源于大肠杆菌的1,3-PD氧化还原酶同工酶编码基因yqhD,利用温控表达载体pBV220串联构建了重组质粒pBV220-yqhD-dhaB,将其转化大肠杆菌得到产1,3-丙二醇温控重组大肠杆菌JM109(pBV220-yqhD-dhaB).该重组菌在LB培养基中,30℃好氧培养12 h至对数生长中期,再经42℃好氧诱导发酵4 h,测得胞内甘油脱水酶和1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶同工酶的酶活力分别达到260 U/mg蛋白和140U/mg蛋白;在含甘油40 g/L的发酵培养基中,30℃好氧培养12 h至对数生长中期,再经42℃好氧诱导发酵4 h,测得发酵液中1,3-PD含量为8.5 g/L.这将为进一步构建基因工程菌生产1,3-PD打下坚实的基础.图6表1参18     

基于回补途径的TCA循环改造对克雷伯氏菌生长和甘油代谢的影响

回补途径和TCA循环在克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)的中心代谢中扮演着十分重要的角色.通过过表达回补途径的关键酶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PPC)和柠檬酸(TCA)循环的关键酶柠檬酸合成酶(GLTA)将磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)和乙酰辅酶A节点的碳流引入TCA循环,以考察基于回补途径的TCA循环强化对K. pneumoniae生长和甘油代谢的影响.结果显示:单独过表达ppc或gltA基因,TCA循环还原和氧化分支的中间代谢产物琥珀酸和α-酮戊二酸分别增加了8.3倍和1.2倍,甘油利用能力明显增强,除2,3-丁二醇外,其他副产物积累量均有所下降,但1,3-PDO产量分别降低了23.3%、5.9%.共表达ppc和gltA基因后,与对照菌相比,生物量降低了35.7%,甘油利用能力进一步增强,1,3-丙二醇产量提高了10.2%,所有副产物积累量均有所减少;与单独过表达ppc或gltA基因相比,乙醇、乳酸、乙酸积累量未有明显变化,但生物量略有提高,2,3-丁二醇积累量显著降低.上述结果表明通过共表达磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶和柠檬酸合成酶强化TCA循环能够提高菌株的甘油利用能力,弱化副产物合成,强化1,3-丙二醇的合成.(图4表2参19)     

产1,3-丙二醇新型基因工程菌的构建

以甘油为底物转化生产1,3-丙二醇的生物合成途径中,往往由于还原力NADH的不足,限制了1,3-丙二醇的合成,引起中间代谢产物3-羟基丙醛累积,进而抑制甘油脱水酶的活性,阻碍菌体的生长,严重影响1,3-丙二醇的合成途径.为了解决合成途径中还原力不足这一主要矛盾,本文以大肠杆菌和克雷伯氏菌染色体DNA为模板克隆得到yqhD和dhaB、dhaT基因,构建双启动子表达载体pEtac-dhaB-tac-yqhD及表达载体pUC-tac-dhaT,成功共转入E.coli JM109,得到可利用两种辅酶(NADH、NADPH)将片油转化为1,3-丙二醇且传代稳定的重组大肠杆菌双质粒系统,发酵结果表明,1,3-丙二醇产量提高了28.6%.图6表1参17     

强化丙酮酸-CO2途径对克雷伯氏菌合成1,3-丙二醇的影响

克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)中辅酶NADH的有效供给影响1,3-丙二醇的产量和得率,通过在K.pneumoniae强化丙酮酸-CO2途径,以提高胞内NADH水平和1,3-丙二醇产量.将来源于酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae W3 03)的甲酸脱氢酶基因fdh1和K.pneumoniae的丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶基因pfl B在K.pneumoniae中过表达,强化丙酮酸-甲酸-CO2途径.结果显示,单独表达fd h1、pfl B和共表达fhd1、pfl B基因的克雷伯氏菌与出发菌株相比,胞内NADH含量明显增加,1,3-丙二醇产量分别提高了8%、12%、18%,摩尔转化率分别提高了7.3%、13.2%、19.5%,除乙酸外其他副产物都有不同程度的降低.本研究表明,强化丙酮酸-甲酸-CO2途径提高了NADH的再生效率,促进了1,3-丙二醇的合成.     

罗伊氏乳杆菌中甘油脱水酶的催化特性及原位再激活

对罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)全细胞和粗酶液催化转化甘油和1,2-丙二醇进行比较,分析其底物转化特性;使用有机溶剂制备通透细胞,外源添加辅酶B12和ATP,探索L.reuteri胞内甘油脱水酶再激活机制.L.reuteri胞内存在依赖于辅酶B12的甘油脱水酶,1,2-丙二醇不会使甘油脱水酶全酶失活,而甘油会使全酶失活;其最适温度和最适pH分别为37℃和6.2;获得了制备L.reuteri通透细胞的最佳条件;向通透细胞添加辅酶B12和ATP均能促进甘油脱水酶催化甘油转化,辅酶B12仅与甘油脱水酶单酶结合形成具催化活性的全酶,而ATP能协助失活辅酶脱离全酶和失活辅酶再激活过程.L.reuteri与Klebsiella pneumoniae类似,胞内存在甘油脱水酶再激活机制,但来源于二者的甘油脱水酶氨基酸序列同源性较低.来源于L.reuteri的甘油脱水酶是典型的依赖于辅酶B12的甘油脱水酶,尽管其序列同源性与来源于K.pneumoniae、Citrobacter freundii的甘油脱水酶差异较大,但在胞内同样存在甘油脱水酶再激活机制,可利用该机制实现胞内甘油脱水酶原位再激活,进而达到重复利用的目的.     

促进氰钴胺素转化为腺苷钴胺素的基因表达与鉴定

辅酶B12作为甘油脱水酶(GDHt)的辅酶参与到Klebsiella pneumoniae代谢甘油生成1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)和3-羟基丙酸(3-HP)的途径中.前期研究表明底物甘油可以导致辅酶B12分子中Co—C键的断裂,进而引起GDHt的失活.为进一步研究非活性的维生素B12(CNCbI)转化为具有活性的辅酶B12(AdoCbI)的过程,从K.pneumoniae中克隆得到了ATP:钴(I)胺素腺苷转移酶(ACA)基因btuR和还原酶基因yciK,并成功构建了双启动子表达质粒pUC18-tac-btuR-tac-yciK,将表达质粒转化Escherichia coli JM109获得了一株重组菌.利用改进的分析方法,结果表明:1)重组蛋白具有腺苷转移酶的活性;2)重组菌可以很好地将非活性的钴胺素,如维生素B12,转化生成具有活性的辅酶B12.     

渗透压对产甘油假丝酵母磷酸果糖激酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶的调控

磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(G6PDH)分别是糖酵解途径(EMP)途径和磷酸戊糖途径(HMP)途径的关键酶,控制着流入两种途径的葡萄糖流量,对耐高渗产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)高效合成甘油、抵抗渗透压胁迫非常重要.为考察渗透压对产甘油假丝酵母这两个关键酶的影响,首先克隆得到编码产甘油假丝酵母G6PDH的Cgzwf基因及编码PFK亚基的Cgpfk1和Cgpfk2,并通过生物信息学分析、酶活检测及基因互补实验验证它们的功能.渗透压胁迫发酵(添加50 g/L NaCl)结果显示,菌株生物量未受渗透压影响,但甘油积累量增加了2倍.与对照相比,盐胁迫激活PFK但弱化了G6PDH活性.此外,盐胁迫下PFK活性表现出更为明显的先降低后升高的趋势,而G6PDH活性的变化则与对照基本相似,表明盐胁迫下碳流可能存在EMP-HMP-EMP形式的不同程度偏转.转录水平检测发现,在发酵中的甘油积累过程盐胁迫对上述酶基因转录的影响并不明显,表明细胞可能通过酶活性调节而不是主要依赖于转录调节来调控两种关键酶以适应耐渗长期胁迫和甘油合成的需要.综上,产甘油假丝酵母以调节关键代谢酶活性的方式来实现碳硫偏转,高产甘油,从而适应外界渗透压力,这一结果可为阐明产甘油假丝酵母耐高渗和高产甘油机制提供新的信息,为未来代谢改造该菌株打下基础.     

产甘油假丝酵母补料发酵中的甘油合成衰减

为揭示产甘油假丝酵母Candida glycerinogenes补料发酵后甘油合成衰减机理,以指导甘油合成及菌株改造,对补料发酵后甘油的生成情况、葡萄糖的消耗情况、细胞内的代谢流量变化以及代谢途径关键酶活力变化进行了研究.结果表明,补料发酵后葡萄糖的代谢流量分布发生变化,流向HMP途径和甘油合成途径的流量分别降低48%和33%,更多的碳流通过EMP途径形成副产物;胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(ctGPD)和6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶(G6PDH)的活力下降,而丙酮酸激酶(PYK)活力上升.补料发酵后甘油合成关键酶ctGPD酶活力低下,流向甘油合成途径的碳流减小,还原力供给受影响,这些因素共同作用引起了补料发酵后甘油合成的衰减.     

费氏中华根瘤菌lrp基因的克隆、突变与功能

通过分子克隆技术,从费氏中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium fredii)HN01基因组文库中克降到一个lrp基因.该基因与已报道的苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)1021的lrp基因在核苷酸水平上有89%相似性,在氨基酸水平上有99%相似性.利用自杀质粒pK18mob构建含有lrp基因部分片段的重组质粒,通过三亲本结合后导入原始菌株HN01中,经过同源单交换,获得发生正向插入突变的突变株GXHNLTA和反向插入突变的突变株GXHNLTB.将lrp基因ORF连接到载体pLAFR3上,获得用于互补的质粒pGXHNL100,将该质粒通过三亲本接合导入突变株中,获得互补株GXHNWA、GXHNWB.对野生型菌株、突变株、互补株进一步研究发现,在以脯氨酸、亮氨酸、丝氨酸等氨基酸为唯一碳、氮源的MM培养基中培养时,突变体GXHNLTA、GXHNLTB的生长均滞后于出发菌株HN01.植株试验表明,突变菌株GXHNLTA、GXHNLB比野生菌株HN01开始结瘤的时间提前1 d,在结瘤效率、单株瘤数、瘤重、固氮酶活性方面并无显著差别.     

枯草芽孢杆菌胞外蛋白酶突变株的筛选及其拮抗作用

从小麦根际土壤中分离到一株对多种植物病原真菌有拮抗作用且产蛋白酶的枯草芽孢杆菌 Bacillus subtilis T2.经紫外线(UV)和硫酸二乙酯(DES)诱变处理,获得具有良好遗传稳定性的蛋白酶正负突变株.与出发菌株相比,培养48 h的正突变株胞外蛋白酶活力提高108.5%,负突变株蛋白酶活力降低81.1%,而二者的几丁质酶和β-1.3-葡聚糖酶活力均无显著变化.正突变株对棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. Vasinfectum)的平板拮抗作用增强,其粗酶液可使该菌菌丝变形膨大成珠状、原生质浓缩,萌发的孢子芽管短且畸形膨大;负突变株对该菌的平板拮抗作用显著降低,粗酶液对该菌菌丝和孢子的形态无明显作用.表明提高生防芽孢杆菌胞外蛋白酶的活力可增强其拮抗病原真菌的能力.     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Comparative study of the effects of temperature,salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of nauplii of different strains of Artemia

The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen tension on the rates of oxygen consumption of three different strains of Artemia nauplii have been studied. When acclimated to a salinity of 30, nauplii from each of the three strains were able to maintain approximately constant rates of oxygen consumption over a wide range of oxygen tension. The ability to maintain respiratory independence during hypoxia was reduced, however, with an increase in either temperature or salinity. Nauplii of two of the strains (parthenogenetic diploid and tetraploid) showed a progressive increase in the rate of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature up to 35°C. Nauplii of the bisexual strain appeared to be less tolerant of exposure to temperatures >30°C, since at higher temperatures their oxygen consumption declined slightly. The differences between the nauplii of the different strains in their physiological responses to changing environmental conditions appear to correlate well with their seasonal occurrence in the field.