Cr3+改性膨润土对苯胺的吸附性能研究

研究了Cr^3 改性膨润土吸附苯胺的性能及适宜条件．结果表明，Cr^3 改性膨润土对苯胺具有很好的吸附效果，吸附过程很快达到平衡，酸性和中性环境均有利于吸附过程的进行．绘制了不同初始浓度下苯胺溶液在平衡浓度达国家工业废水第二类污染物三级排放标准和二级排放标准时，Cr^3 改性膨润土的用量和吸附等温线，并将吸附效果与原钙基膨润土、钠化膨润土和有机改性膨润土进行了对比。     

土壤有机质对镉在土壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响

研究了Cd^2＋在红壤、黄泥土、乌栅土及去除有机质后的三种土壤中的吸附-解吸行为．结果表明,有机质的去除显著降低了三种土壤体系Cd^2＋吸附-解吸平衡液的pH值,ApH范围为0．51到3．05．三种土壤中Cd^2＋的吸附量大小为：乌栅土〉黄泥土〉〉红壤,与土壤有机质含量的顺序一致;去除有机质后土壤对Cd^2＋的吸附量均明显下降,尤其是有机质含量高的黄泥土和乌栅土;三种土壤有机质对Cd^2＋吸附的贡献率平均值分别为红壤43．75％、黄泥土544．77％、乌栅土993．76％．Cd^2＋在所有土壤中的吸附均可用Freundlich方程来描述,相关系数均大于0．991,吸附亲和力的变化与吸附量大小的变化一致,n值在0．350到0．975之间变化．三种土壤中Cd^2＋解吸量依次减少,红壤中Cd^2＋解吸率均在50％以上,而黄泥土和乌栅土中解吸率最高为42％和19％;去除有机质后解吸率均在50％以上,且解吸量相差不大．     

锆负载量对锆镁改性膨润土吸附水中磷酸盐的影响

制备了锆氧化物(ZrO_2)含量分别为2.98%、7.81%、13.73%和33.70%的4种锆镁改性膨润土,并考察了锆负载量对锆镁改性膨润土吸附水中磷酸盐的影响.结果表明,较高的吸附剂投加量有利于水中磷酸盐被锆镁改性膨润土所吸附去除.锆镁改性膨润土吸附水中磷酸盐的动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型.锆镁改性膨润土对水中磷酸盐的吸附等温行为可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Redushckevich (D-R)等温吸附模型进行描述.增加溶液pH值不会导致锆镁改性膨润土对水中磷酸盐吸附能力的下降.锆镁改性膨润土对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随其锆含量的增加而增加.但是,从总体上,锆镁改性膨润土中单位质量ZrO_2对水中磷酸盐的最大吸附量则随其锆含量的增加而降低.研究结果说明,锆镁改性膨润土适合作为一种吸附剂去除水中的磷酸盐,较高的锆负载量有利于增强锆镁改性膨润土吸附水中磷酸盐的能力,而较低的锆负载量则有利于提高锆镁改性膨润土中单位质量ZrO_2对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力.     

有机膨润土对苯胺的吸附性能及应用研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵为改性剂制备有机膨润土,利用正交实验研究了有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中极性有机污染物苯胺的性能、条件及改性条件对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,有机改性膨润土对苯胺有很好的吸附效果,实验条件下对苯胺的去除率可达90％以上,绘制了有机膨润土吸附苯胺的吸附等温线,通过与吸附苯酚效果的比较,总结了有机膨润土吸附极性有机污染物的一般规律。     

废弃膨润土制备碳纳米材料及其吸附性能

将吸附结晶紫后的废弃膨润土在氮气保护下600℃加热3 h,用HF和HCl洗掉其中的膨润土片层,得到了一种新型碳纳米材料.对碳材料进行了XRD、TEM、N2吸附-脱附表征,研究结果显示,该材料石墨化程度较高,其2θ角在26.1°处有明显的峰衍射,接近于石墨烯在26.48°的峰;TEM表征结果显示碳材料为薄层皱褶结构.N2-BET测得所制材料比表面积为77.6 m2·g-1.对比了该碳材料和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性膨润土以及减电荷四甲基氯化铵(TMA)改性膨润土常温下吸附硝基苯的效果,发现该材料对硝基苯吸附效果远胜于两种改性膨润土.吸附热力学实验显示吸附过程为放热和熵减少的自发过程.     

有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中苯酚的研究

以溴化十六烷基三甲铵为改性剂制备有机膨润土,研究了有机膨润土吸附垃圾渗滤液中典型有机污染物苯酚的性能、条件及改性条件对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,有机膨润土对苯酚有很好的吸附效果,实验条件下对苯酚的去除率可达90％以上,pH值是影响有机膨润土吸附能力的主要因素,绘制了不同初始浓度的苯酚溶液在平衡浓度达国家工业废水的第二类污染物三级排放标准时,改性膨润土的用量曲线及吸附等温线,并得到投样量方程：y＝0．1959x－0．2458,R^2＝0．9751。     

粘土改性条件的研究Ⅰ.膨润土的改性

考察了改性膨润土的致孔剂加入量、溴化十六烷基三甲胺 (CTMAB)加入量、CTMAB溶液浓度和吸附时间对CTMAB吸附量的影响 .测得加工后的膨润土对CTMAB的饱和吸附容量为 34 0 0± 30 0mg·1 0 0g- 1膨润土 .膨润土对CTMAB的吸附表现出Lang muir吸附特征 .6 0℃ ,当CTMAB的加入量为膨润土饱和吸附容量的 1 3— 1 5倍 ,CTMAB溶液浓度≥ 2mg·ml- 1,吸附时间超过 2 0h时 ,膨润土基本达到饱和吸附 .并考察了有机膨润土对于水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯 (BTEX)的去除效果 .     

膨润土负载壳聚糖修复土壤镉污染的效果

随着重金属污染土壤日益加剧,污染土壤修复和控制技术的研究越来越迫切.为利用膨润土原位修复土壤镉污染提供理论依据,采用平衡吸附试验研究了Cd2 在膨润土负载壳聚糖上的吸附行为.以90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖为原料,制备了膨润土负载壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂,用于吸附溶液中Cd2 .试验探讨了壳聚糖质量浓度对负载率的影响,结果表明,质量浓度3%的壳聚糖负载量最大,壳聚糖最大负载率达32.6%.吸附Cd2 最佳工艺条件是:壳聚糖与膨润土质量比为1∶20,膨润土负载壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂用量为15 g·L-1,溶液中Cd2 含量不大于200 mg·L-1, pH 值为6～8,吸附平衡时间为8 min,Cd2 去除率为99%.动态吸附Cd2 试验结果表明:质量浓度为 200 mg·L-1的含Cd2 溶液,流速为4～6 m(h-1,经壳聚糖-膨润土吸附剂一次处理后,溶液中Cd2 的残留量为0.7 mg(L-1.     

膨润土对土壤腐殖质特性的影响

砂质土壤腐殖质含量低,影响了土壤肥力.文章通过田间条件下砂滤管试验,利用膨润土的吸附和粘结功能,研究了膨润土不同用量对土壤腐殖质特性的影响.结果表明:膨润土在促进松结态腐殖质分解、加速紧结态腐殖质合成方面发挥了重要作用,有利于增加土壤系统的内稳性.施用膨润土促进了紧结态和稳结态腐殖质中HA的积累,提高了HA/FA比.胡敏酸红外吸收光谱表明,膨润土能使其脂肪族物质增多、芳化度降低.膨润土具有提高土壤腐殖质含量,改善土壤腐殖质特性,从而提高了土壤肥力.     

双阳离子有机膨润土对菲的吸附性能及机理研究

用长碳链季铵盐溴化十六烷基三甲胺（ＣＴＭＡＢ）与短碳链阳离子表面活性剂（ＴＭＡＢ）按不同配比改性膨润土。制得一系列双阳离子有机膨润土。研究了双阳离子有机膨润土吸附水中菲的适宜条件、性能及机理,结果表明,双阳离子有机膨润土的层间距、有机碳含晡对菲的吸附性能与改性时表面活性剂的加入量成正相关;菲等温吸附曲线呈线性,是菲在水－双阳离子有机膨润土之间分配作用的结果。     

胶团强化超滤中SDS胶团与镉离子的吸附特性

以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为表面活性剂,对含有Cd2 的水溶液进行胶团强化超滤分离.考察胶团强化超滤中表面活性剂与镉离子比值对镉离子吸附总量、截留率的影响,以及胶团与镉离子的吸附等温规律和吸附动力学规律,并对吸附机理进行了初步探讨.实验结果表明:Cd2 截留率可以达到97%以上,SDS与镉离子的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,并遵循Lagergren二级动力学规律,其吸附作用主要是化学吸附.     

Preparation and characterisation of green clay-polymer nanocomposite for heavy metals removal

ABSTRACT

Natural polymer Moringa oleifera seed as coagulant and bentonite clay as adsorbent were used for preparing novel composite coagulant. Results obtained from FTIR, SEM, TEM and P-XRD show that the bentonite clay and M. oleifera seed biopolymers physico-chemically interact with each other during the preparation of clay-polymer composite. The FTIR results show that the major functional groups present in bentonite clay and M. oleifera seed are integrated at nano levels in the novel composite to remove heavy metals from aqueous systems. The coagulo-adsorption using clay-polymer composite may be used for the adsorption of heavy metals ions from the aqueous systems. It becomes possible due to the structural characteristics of the clay crystallites together with the functional attraction of the biopolymer and it results in the formation of clay-polymer metal complexes. The clay-polymer nano-composite of M. oleifera seed and bentonite clay showed considerable cadmium, chromium and lead removal property.     

PERCOLATION OF LEAD(II) AND CADMIUM(II) THROUGH TWO BENTONITES USED AS LANDFILL LINER

In order to prevent contamination of subsoil and groundwater by leachates containing heavy metals, montmorillonite linings are used on landfill bottoms. It is therefore important to understand ion uptake by this clay. In this study we have performed percolation of lead(II) and cadmium(II) through columns filled firstly with a technical bentonite and then with a reference bentonite. Elution curves provide an evaluation of metals retention. After the percolation step, columns are cut and metal ions are extracted to evaluate influence of side effects and soil depth on metal uptake. Moreover retentions of lead(II) and cadmium(II) are compared.     

Percolation of Lead(II) and Cadmium(II) through two bentonites used as landfill liner

In order to prevent contamination of subsoil and groundwater by leachates containing heavy metals, montmorillonite linings are used on landfill bottoms. It is therefore important to understand ion uptake by this clay. In this study we have performed percolation of lead(II) and cadmium(II) through columns filled firstly with a technical bentonite and then with a reference bentonite. Elution curves provide an evaluation of metals retention. After the percolation step, columns are cut and metal ions are extracted to evaluate influence of side effects and soil depth on metal uptake. Moreover retentions of lead(II) and cadmium(II) are compared.     

城市污泥中重金属镉对苏云金杆菌发酵的影响机制

为揭示苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt）富集重金属的可行性,考察重金属对Bt发酵的影响,以生物毒性较大的重金属镉（Cd）为研究对象,以城市污泥为培养基,研究了添加Cd（II）对Bt生长和晶体蛋白合成的影响,分析了Bt发酵过程中Cd有效态质量浓度的变化,利用傅立叶红外光谱（FTIR）和X线光电子能谱（XPS）初步探讨了Cd（II）在Bt表面吸附的作用机制。结果表明：培养基中外加Cd（II）对Bt生长的影响主要取决于Cd有效态质量浓度,污泥培养基在支持Bt生长和降低重金属有效态质量浓度上均明显优于常规培养基;Bt对Cd（II）有较好的耐受性,当Cd有效态质量浓度在20 mg.L-1以下时,Bt能较好地完成生长代谢过程;光谱学分析表明Bt对Cd（II）有少量吸附,吸附位点主要为羟基,少量C=O基团也可与吸附反应,可有效降低重金属的生物有效性。     

卤素阴离子对镉离子电化学检测的影响

以玻碳电极为工作电极、pH 6.0的磷酸缓冲溶液为底液,研究了卤素离子氯离子、溴离子和碘离子对镉离子在此条件下电化学测定的影响.结果表明,3种卤素离子均能有效提高镉离子的响应电流.此外,当多种卤素离子同时存在时,镉离子的响应电流相对于单一卤素离子能进一步提高.进一步研究表明,卤素离子能吸附于电极表面,通过提高镉在电极表面电化学反应速度以及表面吸附量来提高镉离子的响应电流.     

The influence of sorption material preparation on the removal of metal ions from the aqueous solution

ABSTRACT

Very important in adsorption processes is the preparation of material sorbents and from this reason, the impact of washing agent of raw sorbent was analysed. The adsorption capacity was studied in relation to the function of the equilibrium time, the amount of biosorbent and the initial metal(II) ions concentration. In this research for the sake of comparison, the sorptive properties of out-of-date coffee were compared to coffee washed with different agents (mineral acids and water). The scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterise the biosorbents and to identify the functional groups that participated in metal(II) ions bonding. The obtained results clearly indicate that the out-of-date coffee are effective biosorbent for cadmium(II) and nickel(II) ions from aqueous solution. However, for metal(II) ions removal efficiency could influence sorbent preparation and nickel(II) ions were best adsorbed on coffee washed with water, but cadmium(II) ions on raw biosorbent (out-of-date coffee). The best results of sorption were achieved after the contact time of 30 and 60?min, respectively for cadmium(II) and nickel(II) ions.     

硅藻土和膨润土对重金属离子Zn~（2＋）、Pb~（2＋）及Cd~（2＋）的吸附特性

以硅藻土和膨润土作为吸附剂,考察微波加热与否条件下,不同吸附时间、不同吸附剂用量和不同pH值对硅藻土和膨润土分别吸附Zn2＋、Pb2＋、Cd2＋重金属离子的影响.实验结果表明,硅藻土和膨润土对3种重金属离子均有很好的吸附效果,吸附时间对去除率影响不大,数分钟即可达到吸附平衡,微波加热、增加吸附剂用量和提高pH值,都有利于提高3种重金属离子的去除率.     

PDMDAAC-阳离子膨润土的比表面积和吸蓝量的研究

以工业聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和钠基膨润土为原料,采用水溶液吸附的方法和高温活化法合成阳离子膨润土复合材料,用次甲基蓝滴定法测定膨润土与阳离子膨润土的吸蓝量;用BET氮气吸附法测定比表面积,最后用阳离子膨润土处理染料废水．结果表明,与膨润土相比,阳离子膨润土的吸蓝量和比表面积有了不同程度的提高,随着吸附量的增加,吸蓝量和比表面积都增大,对废水的处理效果表明,阳离子膨润土的脱色率和COD的去除率都有较大的提高．     

Influence of some parameters on adsorption rate and toxicity of cadmium in activated sludge

The influence of pH, competitor ions (NaNO₃) and aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge on the cadmium uptake by activated sludge solids was investigated. Above 0.08 mg L^‐1 cadmium in solution, biosorption was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm. Active cellular uptake of soluble cadmium does not appear to be a significant mechanism of the biosorption. In addition, the cadmium uptake is not completely reversible. The adsorption of cadmium by activated sludge seems to involve a physico‐chemical mechanism with especially weak electrostatic interactions with ion‐exchange reaction. The optimum adsorption pH was 7.5. Adsorption is influenced by sodium ion concentrations up to an equivalent conductivity of 10 000 μS cm^‐1. Aerobic and anaerobic stabilization of activated sludge increase systematically the initial adsorption capacities. Respirometric measurements were done to evaluate the inhibitive effects of cadmium on activated sludge. Monod's equation and the equation of non‐competitive inhibition were used to describe the toxicity related to cadmium uptake. These two equations appear to be complementary.