非离子有机物淡水沉积物质量基准推导方法——以林丹为例

沉积物质量基准是对水质基准的补充,对水质管理有重要意义.国际上有多种建立沉积物质量基准的方法,其中,相平衡分配法是美国环境保护局推荐使用的方法之一.相平衡分配法利用污染物的沉积物-水平衡分配系数(Kp)和水质基准中污染物的最终慢性毒性值(FCV)计算污染物的沉积物质量基准值(SQC).当缺乏污染物的沉积物生物毒性效应数...     

水体沉积物质量基准研究现状

沉积物质量基准是对水质基准的补充,对水质管理具有重要意义。目前国际上沉积物质量基准计算方法有十几种。对各种方法的理论基础、数据需求、适用范围等方面进行了概述之后,综合分析了各种方法的理论基础。研究结果认为,应将建立沉积物质量基准的方法分为以生物效应数据为基础的生物效应数据库法和以相平衡分配原理为依据的相平衡分配法。而根据统计方法不同,生物效应数据库法又分为单值基准、双值基准和三轴图法。同时还对美国、加拿大、荷兰、英国、澳大利亚和新西兰的沉积物质量基准研究发展和应用概况进行了分析。结合我国实际情况认为,依赖于大量生物效应数据的生物效应数据库法,目前在我国的适用范围有限,只能用于推导少数几种污染物的基准值。相平衡分配法具有可靠的理论基础而且不需要大量的生物效应数据,具有很大的发展潜力。因此,对于目前沉积物质量基准研究处于初级阶段的我国,更适合使用相平衡分配法计算污染物沉积物质量基准。     

水体沉积物重金属质量基准研究

本文阐述了建立沉积物质量标准的意义、用途、重点介绍了七种建立沉积物质量基准的文法,以及每种方法的基本假设、程序和优缺点,并讨论了发展现状和前景。     

水体沉积物重多种质量基准研究

本文阐述了建立沉积物质量标准的意义、用途、重点介绍了七种建立沉积物质量基准的方法，以及每种方法的基本假设、程度和优缺点，并讨论了发展现状和前景。     

筛分水平浓度法构建浑河沉积物重金属基准初步研究

以浑河水系表层沉积物为研究对象,应用筛分水平浓度法初步探讨了浑河沉积物中4种重金属(铜、铅、锌和镉)沉积物质量基准推荐值。结果表明,筛分水平浓度法获取的浑河沉积物铜、铅、锌和镉的质量基准分别为46.69、39.18、140.03和0.54mg·kg-1(以干质量计)。通过与不同国家及地区指定的重金属质量基准推荐值以及本地区采用其他方法推导的重金属基准推荐值进行比较,推算出本研究获取的4种重金属沉积物质量基准推荐值接近所有数据的中间值。由于本研究中用于推导沉积物质量基准的数据相对较少,导致获取的沉积物重金属质量基准推荐值存在一定的不确定性。     

水生生物毒性测试用于沉积物评价的研究进展

针对沉积物污染问题的研究目前已建立了不同的评价方法与体系,目前常用的结合生物毒性测试的有效应导向分析(EDA)、沉积物毒性鉴别评价(TIE)、证据权重法（WOE）、物种敏感性分布法（SSD）和沉积物质量基准（SQG）等,这些方法在河流、湖泊等水体沉积物中污染物毒性效应表征及沉积物质量评价方面有重要应用.本文指出水生生物毒性测试应用的重要性,根据不同学者的研究内容归纳了水生生物毒性测试的方法学,对沉积物进行水生生物毒性测试的基质处理包括直接采用污染沉积物、洁净沉积物加标以及人工配置沉积物,受试生物主要包括浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物和鱼类,毒性试验终点包括急性毒性终点和慢性毒性终点;最后指出水生生物测试存在的问题,并对沉积物质量评价未来发展方向进行展望,以期为我国沉积物生物毒性测试标准方法的建立提供参考.     

各国水体沉积物重金属质量基准的差异及原因分析

对8种重金属的海洋和淡水沉积物的质量基准进行了Box-Whisker图解分析，结果表明，各国水体沉积物重金属质量基准值均在2－3个数量级范围之间变化，相差超过4－5个数量级的极大值的出现，则通常与局部区域沉积物的污染程度和实验所用测试生物的敏感性有关，同时剖析了造成基准差异性的原因，以便从总体上对我国水体沉积物质量基准的制定有所启发和借鉴。     

一致性沉积物质量基准（CBSQGs）及其在近海沉积物环境质量评价中的应用

基于结合几种单个沉积物质量基准的一致性沉积物质量基准（Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines,CBSQGs）,以毒性效应预测准确度高、普适性强等优点近几年来逐渐发展成为主要的沉积物质量评价工具之一.本文阐述了CBSQGs的构建原理,分析了其评价结果的可靠性以及方法的优劣....     

海河流域沉积物中典型重金属的生态风险评估及验证

沉积物重金属污染及其生态风险评估日益受到关注,而沉积物质量基准是开展生态风险评估的有力工具。本研究通过物种敏感度分布法(species sensitivity distributions, SSD)和急慢性毒性比(acute to chronic ratios, ACR)推导了镍、铜、锌、镉和铅的沉积物质量基准(sediment quality guideline, SQG)。在获得合理的重金属沉积物慢性毒性数据的基础上,采用S-Logistic模型拟合镍、铜、镉和铅的慢性SSD曲线,采用S-Gompertz模型拟合锌的慢性SSD曲线。得到镍、铜、锌、镉和铅沉积物质量基准低值(sediment quality guideline low value, SQGlow)分别为18.6、69.9、107、1.26和38.4 mg·kg~(-1),应用ACRs,得到相应的沉积物质量基准高值(sediment quality guideline high value, SQGhigh)分别为167、226、556、10.1和384 mg·kg~(-1)。与加拿大和澳大利亚重金属沉积物基准值具有一定的可比性。选择花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)、伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)3种底栖生物作为受试生物,验证基准值对海河流域沉积物重金属毒性的预测能力。结果表明,利用SQGs预测沉积物毒性的总准确率为76.2%,3种底栖生物验证准确率从高至低为:花翅摇蚊>伸展摇蚊>霍甫水丝蚓。     

土壤,沉积物中微量金属形态分配预测初步研究

本文讨论了土壤、沉积物中微量金属的形态分配预测问题。对已有的一些工作进行了总结,并以我国东部平原为例,建立了土壤微量金属多元回归相分配预测摸型。     

Ableitung ökotoxikologisch begründeter Bodenqualitätskriterien am Beispiel Arsen

Background

A vast amount of data on the concentration of substances in soils is being generated in environmental monitoring programmes. This data has to be assessed in terms of effects on terrestrial biota. Benchmarks for such an assessment have been missing up to now. This gap has been filled by the development of a concept for the derivation of ecotoxicologically based soil quality criteria (SQC) and the application of this concept to environmentally relevant substances.

Objectives

The derivation method was applied to arsenic. The derivation process was described in detail from the compilation of data regarding effects on microbial processes, plants, and soil invertebrates to the formulation of a recommendation for an SQC.

Methods

The conceptual framework for the derivation of ecotoxicologically based SQC was developed after reviewing national and international concepts for the assessment of the effects of substances on terrestrial communities. For the assessment of arsenic effects, all relevant biotic processes and trophic levels have been taken into account. Moreover, soil characteristics that may affect the toxicity to biota have been reviewed.

Results

Effects of arsenic on biota may occur at soil background concentrations or slightly above. There are only a few studies in which the influence of soil characteristics, such as soil pH, soil texture, and soil organic carbon, on the effects of arsenic has been investigated systematically. That is why the SQC was oriented on soil background concentrations for sandy soils (5 mg As/kg soil dw). A comparison of the SQC derived in this work with ecotoxicologically based soilquality values from Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United States shows an average value of 16 mg As/kg, with a range between 5 and 34 mg/kg. The variations in the soil quality values are mainly due to differences in the derivation approaches.

Conclusions and Outlook

The concept applied is considered suitable for the derivation of SQC designed to protect terrestrial communities against direct effects of substances in soils. Therefore, its use is planned to derive SQC for other environmentally relevant substances. In addition to compensation factors, statistical methods should be taken into account to compensate for risks which cannot be quantified. Furthermore, there is the need for an assessment of indirect effects of soil contaminants on birds and mammals.     

广东柘林湾养殖海域沉积物中汞的分布、累积及其生态风险

柘林湾是广东省养殖规模最大的海湾之一,为了解养殖海域沉积物中汞的分布、累积及其可能产生的生态风险,于2008年1月在柘林湾海域采集了5个站位的柱状沉积物和3个站位的表层沉积物,对其中的总汞含量进行了测定,并对其含量分布、累积特征进行了分析.结果表明,柘林湾海域表层沉积物中总汞平均含量为0.0645μg·g-1,径流输入是其空间分布特征的主要影响因素;柱状沉积物表层部分总汞含量相对较低,但不同采样区域柱样中总汞含量的垂直分布却有着显著的差异,网箱养殖区主要是由于汞近40年来来源变小导致沉积物表层部分中的总汞含量较底层低,而贝类养殖区则由于沉积后的再迁移作用使汞在氧化还原边界层富集累积;利用潜在生态危害指数法和沉积物质量基准法对此次调查的沉积物中汞的潜在生态风险进行的评价表明,汞虽对底栖生物基本无负面效应,但其潜在生态风险程度达到了中等水平,尤其是养殖区2号站位28～36cm、4号站位20～32cm和48～56cm以及6号站位36～56cm柱样中的汞甚至达到了高的潜在生态风险程度.因此,养殖区次表层沉积物中较高含量的汞应当引起足够重视.     

Spatial variability in characteristics and trace metal levels in sediments from watercourses

Assessing sediment quality requires sampling designs which address variability. Often however, only one sample or composited sample is collected at a sample site. Existing studies on sediment variability or sampling strategies primarily concern lake or marine sediments. Two rivers and one canal were sampled to assess sediment variability. Further, it was determined if sediment contamination in running water could be predicted by using visual criteria and/or knowledge of the presence of depositional and erosion areas. Metal concentrations and sediment characteristics were measured in different visually distinct areas of the river. At all sample sites the coefficient of variance was relatively high for most sediment characteristics (1.4‐ > 100%) and metal levels (15.3–63.6%). In one river the majority of sediment characteristics variation was between two sediment types and detected by visually distinct differences. Significant differences in cadmium and zinc concentrations were also detected. Contrary to what was expected, cadmium, and zinc levels were highest in the coarse fraction. No differences were found in the second river. In the canal a greater concentration of fine grained sediments and metals were found in the deep areas. It was not possible to predict sediment areas with the highest levels of metal contamination using visual criteria or knowledge of the erosion and sedimentation pattern of the river.     

Turbulence suppression by suspended sediment within a geophysical flow

Experiments are performed in a mixing box to evaluate the effect of suspended sediment on turbulence generated by an oscillating grid. Quartz-density sand of varying sizes and concentrations is used, and particle image velocimetry is employed to quantify only the fluid phase. Results show that (1) while a relatively large secondary flow field is present in the box, turbulence is a maximum near the grid and it decreases systematically toward the water surface; (2) relatively high concentrations of fine sediment can markedly alter this secondary flow field and significantly decrease both the time-mean and turbulent kinetic energy within the flow, yet these same sediment concentrations have little effect on the integral time and length scales derived for each velocity component; and (3) the overall turbulence suppression observed can be related to the transfer of energy from the fluid to the sediment and the maintenance of a suspended sediment load rather than commonly employed turbulence modulation criteria. These experimental data demonstrate unequivocally that the presence of a suspended sediment load can significantly reduce overall turbulent kinetic energy, and these results should be applicable to a range of sediment-laden geophysical flows.     

Importance of background values in assessing the impact of heavy metals in river ecosystems: case study of Tisza River,Serbia

The main objective of this paper is to evaluate how a choice of different background values may affect assessing the anthropogenic heavy metal pollution in sediments from Tisza River (Serbia). The second objective of this paper is to underline significance of using geochemical background values when establishing quality criteria for sediment. Enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (I _geo), pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk index (PERI) were calculated using different background values. Three geochemical (average metal concentrations in continental crust, average metal concentrations in shale, and average metal concentrations in non-contaminated core sediment samples) and two statistical methods (delineation method and principal component analyses) were used for calculating background values. It can be concluded that obtained information of pollution status can be more dependent on the use of background values than the index/factor chosen. The best option to assess the potential river sediment contamination is to compare obtained concentrations of analyzed elements with concentrations of mineralogically and texturally comparable, uncontaminated core sediment samples. Geochemical background values should be taken into account when establishing quality criteria for soils, sediments, and waters. Due to complexity of the local lithology, it is recommended that environmental monitoring and assessment include selection of an appropriate background values to gain understanding of the geochemistry and potential source of pollution in a given environment.     

Geologic processes influence the effects of mining on aquatic ecosystems

Geologic processes strongly influence water and sediment quality in aquatic ecosystems but rarely are geologic principles incorporated into routine biomonitoring studies. We test if elevated concentrations of metals in water and sediment are restricted to streams downstream of mines or areas that may discharge mine wastes. We surveyed 198 catchments classified as "historically mined" or "unmined," and based on mineral-deposit criteria, to determine whether water and sediment quality were influenced by naturally occurring mineralized rock, by historical mining, or by a combination of both. By accounting for different geologic sources of metals to the environment, we were able to distinguish aquatic ecosystems limited by metals derived from natural processes from those due to mining. Elevated concentrations of metals in water and sediment were not restricted to mined catchments; depauperate aquatic communities were found in unmined catchments. The type and intensity of hydrothermal alteration and the mineral deposit type were important determinants of water and sediment quality as well as the aquatic community in both mined and unmined catchments. This study distinguished the effects of different rock types and geologic sources of metals on ecosystems by incorporating basic geologic processes into reference and baseline site selection, resulting in a refined assessment. Our results indicate that biomonitoring studies should account for natural sources of metals in some geologic environments as contributors to the effect of mines on aquatic ecosystems, recognizing that in mining-impacted drainages there may have been high pre-mining background metal concentrations.     

Evaluating the seasonal changes of some water quality parameters of the Buyuk Melen River Basin (Duzce, Turkey)

In this study, some heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu), suspended sediment, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), cyanide, phenol, fecal coliform and total coliform water parameters were determined in the streams (Kucuk Melen, Asarsuyu, Ugursuyu, Buyuk Melen and Aksu) of Buyuk Melen Watershed that provides drinking water to Istanbul in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey. Measurements of water quality parameters were done monthly in eleven separate stations (4 in Kucuk Melen Stream, 1 in Asarsuyu Stream, 1 in Ugur Stream, 1 in Aksu Stream and 4 in Buyuk Melen Stream) from August 2001 to August 2002. The seasonal changes in water quality parameters were evaluated statistically. The results, the parameters, COD, BOD, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cr, Cu, cyanide, fecal coliform, total coliform and suspended sediment showed significant differences among seasons and streams (ANOVA; P <0.05). According to Turkish Standarts (TS) 266, European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the maximum values of each parameter in streams within the Buyuk Melen watershed are recorded and evaluated in this study.