浓缩液回灌出水电导率与离子浓度的灰色关联度研究

研究渗滤液浓缩液回灌出水电导率与离子浓度的关系对完善渗滤液浓缩液回灌体系具有重要的意义。采用成都某垃圾填埋场的渗滤液浓缩液,在实验室矿化垃圾填埋柱中开展了回灌实验,分别得到了回灌出水中电导率和8种离子浓度的变化规律。基于灰色关联模型,对电导率与离子浓度的灰色关联度进行了分析,结果表明,电导率与K+的关联系数最大,其次是NO-3、Na+和Cl-。因此在回灌出水中这4种离子与电导率的关联性较大、可将其作为回灌体系中优先控制的离子。     

组合工艺去除垃圾渗滤液中的DBP和DEHP

探讨了采用实验室规模的生物处理组合工艺(上流式厌氧污泥床+曝气生物滤池+缺氧反应器+膜生物反应器,UASB+BAF+ANO+MBR)处理垃圾渗滤液过程中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DE-HP)两种内分泌干扰物在各工艺段的去除效率和机理。测定结果表明,对于DBP和DEHP浓度分别为164.4μg/L和215.0μg/L的原水,总出水浓度分别降至11.8μg/L和10.4μg/L,去除率分别达到92.9%和95.2%,处理效果良好。其中DBP在处理工艺中逐级降解,主要是微生物的降解作用。MBR是DEHP的主要去除工艺段,去除比例达到56.6%,膜截留效果明显。采用生物处理组合工艺可实现对垃圾渗滤液中DBP和DEHP的同时高效去除。     

正渗透膜过滤特性及污染物截留性能

采用Na Cl为汲取液溶质,研究正渗透膜分离过程中膜朝向、汲取液溶质浓度和错流速率对膜过滤性能的影响,以及正渗透膜对Na Cl、生活污水和垃圾渗滤液的污染物截留性能。结果表明,活性层朝向汲取液(AL-DS)时水通量(Jw)明显大于活性层朝向原料液(AL-FS)时,但随时间下降较快;Jw和溶质反向扩散通量(Js)均与汲取液溶质浓度正相关,但非线性增加,原因与内浓差极化有关;Jw同样与错流速率正相关,但随错流速率增加不明显。以葡萄糖为汲取液溶质时,正渗透膜对Na Cl的截留率能够达到90%以上。相同汲取液浓度下,处理生活污水时的Jw略大于垃圾渗滤液。正渗透膜对2种废水的污染物截留效果均较好。处理生活污水时,总有机碳和总氮的平均截留率分别为82%和90%以上;处理垃圾渗滤液时则分别能达到77%和95%以上。正渗透膜对渗滤液中的二价离子(钙、镁)的截留率达到98%以上。     

城市固体废物好氧生物反应器填埋方式的实验研究

MSW(城市固体废物)生物反应器型填埋是一种较新颖的方法。在系统分析现有填埋方法优缺点的基础上,对其加以改进,将强制通风好氧和渗滤液循环2种方式有机地结合在一起,构建了MSW好氧生物反应器。考察了NH3、CH4、CO2、pH和温度等因素,并监测分析了渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、Zn2+、NH4+和NO3-等指标,旨在研究其中垃圾的降解及渗滤液中COD、BOD5、Zn2+、NH4+和NO3-的去除情况,探讨该生物反应器对垃圾和渗滤液相关参数的作用机理。结果表明,该反应器对渗滤液中COD、BOD5、NO3-的去除率分别达到96.34%、94.58%和99.9%,对其中的Zn2+也有较好的脱除效果。     

凤眼莲去除垃圾渗滤液中的COD、NH3-N和TP

在静态水培实验条件下,对不同浓度垃圾渗滤液条件下凤眼莲的生长状况及其净化效果进行了研究。结果表明,在高浓度(COD 3 546.7 mg/L、NH3-N 527.5 mg/L、TP 8.02 mg/L)垃圾渗滤液条件下(HCL)凤眼莲全部被毒害致死,在中浓度(COD 1 233.3 mg/L、NH3-N 182.9 mg/L、TP 2.83 mg/L)垃圾渗滤液条件下(MCL)生长状况差,生物量减少为实验前的32.6%。在低浓度(COD 660.0 mg/L、NH3-N 99.7 mg/L、TP 1.59 mg/L)垃圾渗滤液条件下(LCL)能够正常生长,且对低浓度垃圾渗滤液有较好的净化效果。24 d后COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率分别为85.9%,99.8%和84.8%。COD与NH3-N均达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》排放标准,TP达到《地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)》Ⅳ类排放标准。     

茶多酚对壬基酚所致斑马鱼急性死亡和遗传损伤的保护作用

为研究壬基酚(NP)对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的急性毒性和遗传损伤的影响,同时为探讨茶多酚对NP的急性致死和遗传损伤的保护作用,开展了急性毒性实验,分析NP对斑马鱼的半致死浓度,并通过统计斑马鱼外周血细胞中微核率和核异常率来评估NP对斑马鱼的遗传损伤。在NP基础液中加入茶多酚进行斑马鱼的急性毒性保护实验,通过与NP对照组中斑马鱼的死亡情况、微核率和核异常率的对比来评价茶多酚对急性致死和遗传损伤的保护作用。结果显示:高质量浓度的NP(500.00、1 000.00μg/L)对斑马鱼具有较强的致死性,中、低质量浓度的NP(125.00、250.00μg/L)对斑马鱼具有一定的致死能力,此浓度范围内存活的斑马鱼外周血红细胞中存在比清水对照组显著增多的微核和异常核。在NP基础液中加入一定质量浓度(2.50~20.00ng/L)的茶多酚后,与NP对照组相比,斑马鱼的死亡率显著降低,同时,斑马鱼的微核率和核异常率也都显著降低。这表明一定浓度的茶多酚对NP的急性致死和遗传损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

垃圾渗滤液烟气脱硫体系的实验研究

利用垃圾渗滤液中较高的碱度吸收二氧化硫是垃圾渗滤液湿法烟气脱硫工艺的第一阶段。试验证明，垃圾渗滤液可高效吸收二氧化硫(去除率可达如％以上)；同时垃圾渗滤液中氨氮浓度由133mmol/L降至78mmol/L。实验结果证实了所建立的垃圾渗滤液烟气脱疏体系的互补性。     

实际生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液中多环芳烃的污染特征

分析了某生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液中16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度水平和季节分布特征,考察了基于膜生物反应器联合纳滤(MBR/NF)的渗滤液处理工艺对PAHs的去除效果,同时探讨了该填埋场对周围水体环境的影响.结果表明,PAHs在填埋场渗滤液中的总质量浓度为13.0～45.8μg/L;MBR/NF处理工艺对渗滤液中...     

氨氮和腐殖酸对膜电容去离子技术去除垃圾渗滤液中无机离子的影响

高浓度氨氮及大量腐殖质的存在一直以来都是膜电容去离子技术(membrane capacitive deionization,MCDI)应用于垃圾渗滤液除盐的重要难题。采用PE离子交换膜作为膜材料,以活性交联碳布(activated carbon cloth,ACC)作为吸附材料组装MCDI装置,并对含有不同浓度梯度的氨氮和腐殖酸的模拟垃圾渗滤液进行吸附除盐实验。结果表明,垃圾渗滤液中氨氮浓度的增加会使MCDI对氨氮的去除量上升,但会导致Na~+、K~+和NO_3~-受到的影响较小。较低浓度腐殖酸(0～1 500 mg·L~(-1))的存在能一定程度促进MCDI对K~+和NH_4~-的吸附,但过高的腐殖酸(1 500～2 000 mg·L~(-1))浓度会导致所有无机离子特别是阴离子吸附量的下降,且腐殖酸的存在也会降低MCDI对所有离子的再吸附效果,减小MCDI的使用寿命。对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,将氨氮和腐殖酸的浓度降低,有利于提高MCDI的去离子效果。     

生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工程实例分析

本文通过实例阐述了“混凝沉淀+两级A/O(缺氧/好氧)-MBR系统(膜生物反应器)+SWRO(海水淡化反渗透)”组合工艺在生活垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用。实际运行结果表明,当进水平均COD浓度为2668.7 mg/L、NH₃-N质量浓度为2910 mg/L时,出水平均COD浓度为7.6 mg/L、NH₃-N质量浓度为1.9 mg/L,水质可满足《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889-2008)要求,运行成本合计约为60元/m³.本工程实例将为我国生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理提供技术支持与经验参考。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.