多功能智能型污水自动监测监控系统的研发与应用

介绍了多功能智能型污水自动监测监控系统的开发背景、技术原则、系统组成、功能和特点,结合实例,论述了多功能智能型排污自动监测监控系统在环境监测、环境管理、环境监察中应用的可行性、重要性和广阔前景。     

Validation of diffusive mini-samplers for aldehyde and VOC and its feasibility for measuring the exposure levels of elementary school children

Exposure to various chemicals can cause adverse effects to health, such as asthma and allergies, especially in children. Data on personal exposure levels in children are scarce, thus small lightweight diffusive mini-samplers for aldehydes and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were designed to measure the exposure level of children to these chemicals. The aim of the study was to validate and examine the applicability of these mini-samplers for measuring daily chemical exposure. The diffusive mini-samplers are 20 mm in length, 11 mm in diameter, and 1.67 g in weight. The devices are cylindrically shaped with polytetrafluoroethylene membrane filters placed at each end. To measure aldehydes and acetone, 20 mg of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was used as an absorbent. To measure VOCs, a carbon molecular sieve was used. The sampling rate for each chemical was determined by parallel sampling with active samplers in a closed exposure bag. The blank levels of the chemicals and the storage stability of the device were tested. The mini-samplers were compared to commercially available diffusive samplers. To examine the applicability of the samplers, 65 elementary school children carried them for 24 h. The sampling rates for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were 20.9, 22.9, and 19.7 mL min(-1), respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for the 24-hour sampling by high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet (HPLC/UV) analysis were 8.3, 7.6, and 8.8 μg m(-3) for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone, respectively. The sampling rates for the 11 VOCs were determined and ranged from 3.3 mL min(-1) for styrene and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol to 11.7 mL min(-1) for benzene. The LOQ for the 24-hour sampling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis ranged from 5.9-105.2 μg m(-3), 1.1-24.7 parts per billion. The storage stability after 5 days ranged from 94.8 to 118.2%. Formaldehyde, acetone, benzene, and toluene were detected above the LOQ in more than 90% of the children, and the median concentrations were 21.7, 20.9, 10.1, and 21.5 μg m(-3), respectively. This study shows that the diffusive samplers developed were suitable for children to carry and were capable of measuring the children's daily chemical exposure.     

Comparison of spatial interpolation methods for soil moisture and its application for monitoring drought

Soil moisture data can reflect valuable information on soil properties, terrain features, and drought condition. The current study compared and assessed the performance of different interpolation methods for estimating soil moisture in an area with complex topography in southwest China. The approaches were inverse distance weighting, multifarious forms of kriging, regularized spline with tension, and thin plate spline. The 5-day soil moisture observed at 167 stations and daily temperature recorded at 33 stations during the period of 2010–2014 were used in the current work. Model performance was tested with accuracy indicators of determination coefficient (R ²), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), relative root mean square error (RRMSE), and modeling efficiency (ME). The results indicated that inverse distance weighting had the best performance with R ², MAPE, RMSE, RRMSE, and ME of 0.32, 14.37, 13.02%, 0.16, and 0.30, respectively. Based on the best method, a spatial database of soil moisture was developed and used to investigate drought condition over the study area. The results showed that the distribution of drought was characterized by evidently regional difference. Besides, drought mainly occurred in August and September in the 5 years and was prone to happening in the western and central parts rather than in the northeastern and southeastern areas.     

Modelling and mapping of copper runoff for Europe

A predictive runoff rate model for copper has been refined and used to generate copper runoff maps for Europe. The new model is based on laboratory and field runoff data and expresses the runoff rate R (g m(-2) yr(-1)) through two contributions, both with a physical meaning: R = (0.37SO(0.5)(2) = 0.96 rain10(-0.62 pH) (cos(theta)/cos(45 degree)). Input parameters are the SO(2) concentration (microg m(-3)), pH, amount of rain (mm yr(-1)), and surface angle of inclination (theta). The first contribution originates from dry periods between rain events (the first-flush effect) and the second from the rain events. The dry term has been refined in comparison to the original model by assuming a mass balance between measured corrosion mass loss, calculated copper retention in the patina and predicted copper runoff. The refined model predicts 76% of all reported runoff rates, worldwide, within 35% from their measured value. This includes sites with low SO(2) concentration, where the original model erroneously predicted higher runoff rates than corrosion rates. Based on environmental data from the EMEP programme for the years 1980-2000, the new model has been used to derive runoff rate maps for Europe with 50 x 50 km grid resolution. The runoff mapping shows a substantial reduction in runoff rate over the investigated time period, and with copper runoff rates now generally less than 2 g m(-2) yr(-1).     

Mathematics for Scenarios of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Balancing biodiversity conservation with food security and the preservation of a broader set of ecosystem services is among the greatest challenges of the century. The creation of the International Panel for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), at the interface between decision support and scientific knowledge, is clearly in line with this ecological-economic perspective. IPBES particularly puts forward the development of model-based scenarios making sense economically and ecologically and promoting sustainability. The present paper provides generic modeling methods and tools to address such challenges. The paper argues that the framework of controlled dynamic systems under uncertainty together with ecoviability metrics are especially well suited. Such a modeling framework indeed makes it possible to simultaneously account for complex dynamics, indirect or indirect drivers, uncertainties along with multiple sustainability objectives. These general ideas are exemplified with scenarios relating to two applied fields: (i) fisheries and marine biodiversity and (ii) land-use and avifauna.     

土壤微塑料监测技术现状及方法标准化建议

系统梳理土壤微塑料监测全过程技术方法,包括样品采集和制备、识别与定量、质量保证与质量控制(QA/QC)等环节,比较各方法优缺点,探讨土壤中微塑料监测方法标准化措施,建议完善土壤微塑料监测全过程QA/QC,制定涵盖全流程的监测技术规范,有序建立针对不同监测目标的分析方法标准体系,为土壤微塑料的监测与评估提供技术支撑。     

毒死蜱生态毒理与风险研究综述

毒死蜱被认为是一种高效、安全和广谱的含氮杂环类杀虫杀螨剂,被广泛应用于农业生产病虫害的防治中。在中国,毒死蜱曾被列为取代高毒农药的重要品种,并被农业部推荐用于无公害农产品生产的专用杀虫杀螨剂。近年来,由于不断发现的毒死蜱生物毒性及其产生的环境安全问题,美国和欧盟国家已经在某些范围内禁用毒死蜱。综合近几年文献,从环境介质含量、转化行为、生物活性检测以及国外水质基准等方面,对其分别叙述,旨在为今后中国地区毒死蜱的环境健康风险评价、生态风险评价和水质基准制定提供基本参考依据。     

细颗粒物和臭氧协同监测现状与建议

细颗粒物和臭氧协同控制是深入打好蓝天保卫战的重要课题.加强细颗粒物和臭氧协同监测,对精准科学制定协同控制策略具有积极意义.文章从监测网络、质量管理、数据应用等方面分析了我国细颗粒物和臭氧协同监测工作的现状;针对协同监测在满足管理需求方面的短板和不足,提出了拓展网络功能、完善技术体系、深化数据应用等建议.     

全球POPs监测计划实施进展及我国开展POPs监测实践

持久性有机污染物(POPs)因其具有高毒性、持久性以及远距离迁移性而引起国际社会的广泛关注,各国家和地区持续开展了一系列POPs监测活动。文章介绍了国际上一些影响重大的区域和跨区域POPs监测计划及其特点,并结合国内外POPs监测进展,提出我国开展POPs监测的对策与建议。     

融雪剂对环境的影响及对策

简述了目前国内外融雪剂使用的现状。综述了氯化物融雪剂对钢筋混凝土路面、植物、水系、土壤、臭氧层的影响。并指出了目前融雪剂市场存在的一些问题。最后,提出了相应的对策及建议。     

码头工程项目环境监理实践与探析

简述了环境监理在建设项目环境管理中的作用.以无锡港城郊港区胡埭作业区码头工程建设项目为实例,详细介绍了环境监理方案编制的内容,项目监理的重点.指出,环境监理须经过进一步实践和探索,增强针对性,提高环境监理工作水平.     

深圳市机动车氮氧化物排放、环境空气污染预测和控制对策

针对机动车排放已成为深圳市环境空气中氮氧化物 ( NOx)的主要来源、氮氧化物 ( NOx)已成为深圳市环境空气主要污染物的现状 ,为防止光化学烟雾事件的发生 ,对深圳市未来环境空气质量和氮氧化物 ( NOx)污染水平进行了预测并根据研究结果提出了改善深圳市环境空气质量的对策     

土壤/沉积物生态风险评价方法技术研究进展

在我国,生态风险评价受到越来越多的重视,而有关方法的探讨还很欠缺.本文详细介绍了灾害商法、酸性挥发性硫化物、生物-土壤/沉积物-累计-因数法、风险评估编码、潜在生态风险指数法等生态风险评价的方法和技术,并讨论了生态风险评价模型.     

Selecting Species for Marine Assessment of Radionuclides Around Amchitka: Planning for Diverse Goals and Interests

Considerable attention has been devoted to selecting bioindicator species as part of monitoring programs for exposure and effects from contaminants in the environment. Yet the rationale for selection of bioindicators is often literature-based, rather than developed with a firm site-specific base of data on contaminant levels in a diverse range of organisms at different trophic levels in the same ecosystem. We suggest that this latter step is an important phase in the environmental assessment process that is often missing. In this paper we address the problem of how to select a wide range of species representing different trophic levels that serve as a basis for selecting a few species suitable as bioindicators. We illustrate this with our assessment of radionuclides on Amchitka Island, Alaska. We propose a multi-stage process for arriving at the list of available species that includes review of literature, review by experts experienced in the area, review by interested and affected parties, selection of trophic levels or groups for analysis, arraying of possible species, and selection of species within each trophic level group for sample collection. We first had to identify all likely species, then narrow our focus to those we could collect and analyze. In all cases, review includes suggestions for possible target species with justifications. While this method increases the up-front costs of developing bioindicators for an ecosystem, it has the advantage of providing information for selection of species that will be most informative in the long run, including those that are the best bioaccumulators, thus providing the earliest warning of any potential environmental consequences. Further, the recognition that a range of stakeholder's needs and interests should be included increases the utility for public-policy makers, and the potential for continued usage to establish long-term trends.     

Risk assessment and monitoring of dinotefuran and its metabolites for Chinese consumption of apples

Residues of dinotefuran and its metabolites, 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)urea (UF) and 1-methyl-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl)guanidine (DN), in apple were investigated using a “QuEChERS” (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe) pretreatment and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) of dinotefuran, UF, and DN in apples were 0.011–0.960 and 0.037–3.200 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of dinotefuran, UF, and DN in apple ranged from 70.0 to 83.6% with relative standard deviations less than 13%. A formulation of 20% water-dispersible dinotefuran granules was sprayed at 1–1.5-fold the recommended dose 3–4 times on apple trees. Total terminal residues of dinotefuran in apple were less than 2 mg/kg, which is the maximum residue limit (MRL) set by Japan. When following the recommended application guidelines, dinotefuran is unlikely to present significant health concerns to the Chinese population because the risk quotient (RQ) is less than 100%. This work could provide guidance for the safe use of dinotefuran and serve as a reference for the establishment of a maximum residue limit of dinotefuran in apple in China.     

新疆煤矿项目竣工环保验收工作现状、问题及对策

新疆煤炭资源丰富,资源总量居全国各省之首,煤炭的大规模开采在带来经济效益的同时也带来一系列环境问题,如地表沉陷、水污染、煤矸石、噪声、矿区大气污染等诸多环境破坏和环境污染。为此,针对目前新疆煤矿竣工环境保护验收调查工作中存在的一些问题,提出解决问题的方法和思路。