Atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China: A review and outlook

Accurate monitoring of the atmospheric environment and its evolution are important for understanding the sources, chemical mechanisms, and transport processes of air pollution and carbon emissions in China, and for regulatory and control purposes. This study gives an overview of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China and summarizes the major achievements obtained in recent years. China has made great progress in the development of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment with decades of effort. The manufacturing level of atmospheric environment monitoring equipment and the quality of products have steadily improved, and a technical & production system that can meet the requirements of routine monitoring activities has been initiated. It is expected that domestic atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment will be able to meet future demands for routine monitoring activities in China and provide scientific assistance for addressing air pollution problems.     

福州市PM2.5污染过程中大气边界层和区域传输研究

以福建省会福州市2013年1月空气质量变化为对象,分析大气边界层变化和周边区域污染物传输对福州市大气颗粒物PM2.5的影响.利用福州市2013年1月逐日地面和探空观测资料以及NCEP提供的2013年1月FNL分析资料,通过大气边界层要素与PM2.5浓度之间的相关性,对PM2.5污染过程的大气边界层特征进行分析;同时采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模拟及区域风场相关矢分析对影响福州雾霾的污染物区域传输路径进行探讨.结果表明:地面气温与PM2.5浓度呈正相关,地面风速与PM2.5浓度呈负相关,近地面边界层条件有利于霾颗粒物的形成和累积.但不同于我国东部主要污染源区霾污染过程中存在大气边界层逆温,福州PM2.5污染过程中并未出现大气边界层逆温结构,这一边界层结构的垂直混合可有利于区域传输的污染物从上层大气到达近地面从而加重福州霾污染,福州是华东地区一个PM2.5污染物的主要接受区,PM2.5污染物主要以外源输送为主.2013年1月份福州市清洁日近地面风向为海洋吹向大陆的东南风,霾污染日则为大陆吹向海洋的偏北风,PM2.5污染物主要从长三角地区、苏北以及安徽河南一带通过东北和西北方向的传输路径影响福州的空气质量.     

区域大气污染物总量控制技术与示范研究

分析了我国的大气环境问题和特征,剖析了大气污染的成因;重点介绍了区域大气污染物总量控制技术研究中,大气污染物排放清单的编制技术,多尺度的空气质量模拟技术,基于现代控制理论的大气环境容量优化技术,基于环境容量和排放绩效的总量分配技术,多种总量监控方法,科学有效的总量控制管理机制和规则等的关键技术、技术突破、主要研究与理论创新及成果的应用与示范;紧密结合国家空气环境质量管理和大气污染控制的需要,提出了我国大气环境管理、政策和大气环境科学研究的建议.      

经济开放区大气环境容量规划研究——以东莞市为例

本文探讨了沿海经济开放区大气环境容量和规划研究的方法。在大气污染源调查、污染物监测、污染气象特征分析、区域容量计算、污染控制规划和大气排污许可证制度的实施等方面作了调查研究。并通过实例研究为东莞市大气环境管理提供了行之有效的对策和建议。      

Thermal internal boundary layer and its effects on air pollutants during summer in a coastal city in North China

The thermal internal boundary layer(TIBL) is associated with coastal pollution dispersion,which can result in high concentrations of air pollutants near the surface of the Earth. In this study, boundary layer height data which were obtained using a ceilometer were used to assess the effect of the TIBL on atmospheric pollutants in Qinhuangdao, a coastal city in North China.A TIBL formed on 33% of summer days. When a TIBL formed, the sunshine duration was 2.4 hr longer, the wind speed was higher, the wind direction reflected a typical sea breeze, and the boundary layer height was lower from 9:00 LT to 20:00 LT compared to days without a TIBL. If no TIBL formed, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) decreased with increasing boundary layer height. However, when a TIBL was observed, the average concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) increased with increasing boundary layer height. Because the air from the sea is clean, PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations reached minimums in the daytime at 16:00 LT. After16:00 LT, the PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations increased rapidly on days when a TIBL formed,which indicated that the TIBL leads to the rapid accumulation of atmospheric pollutants in the evening. Therefore, the maximum concentrations of particulate matters were larger when a TIBL formed compared to when no TIBL was present during the night. These results indicate that it is suitable for outdoor activities in the daytime on days with a TIBL in coastal cities.     

基于无人机探空和数值模拟天津一次重污染过程分析

污染发生在边界层中,边界层热力和动力垂直结构对重污染天气形成有显著影响.本文基于无人机探空、地基遥感观测和数值模式,开展天津地区2019年1月10~15日重污染过程期间边界层垂直结构及污染成因分析,以期加强北方沿海城市边界层过程对重污染影响规律认知,提升重污染天气预报预警准确率.结果表明：大气温度层结对重污染天气形成、持续和消散有显著影响,此次过程伴随逆温层的发展和消散,PM_2.5高浓度区白天向大气上层发展,高度可达300 m以上,夜间向近地面压缩,高度在100 m左右;雾天气出现并在白天维持,改变了边界层垂直结构特征,雾顶逆温的持续存在抑制了污染物向大气上层扩散,使得白天湍流垂直混合过程贡献明显下降,导致近地面重污染天气维持和发展;过程期间区域输送贡献率为66.6%,边界层垂直结构与重污染天气区域输送密切相关,区域污染物输送高度主要出现在边界层顶部以及雾顶逆温层以上的大风速层处,且随着边界层和雾顶抬升高度的变化,通过下沉运动影响地面,形成北部弱高压天气控制下静稳天气区域输送;边界层垂直结构影响冷空气对空气质量的改善效果,S3阶段雾顶的强逆温导致冷空气无法通过湍流切应力传导到地面,在高低空存在明显的风速差,冷空气影响地面时间延后,作用减弱,重污染天气无法彻底缓解.     

Insights into multidimensional transport flux from vertical observation and numerical simulation in two cities in North China

This study represents the first quantitative evaluation of pollution transport budget within the boundary layer of typical cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from the perspective of horizontal and vertical exchanges and further discusses the impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)-free troposphere (FT) exchange on concentration of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) within the ABL during heavy pollution. From the perspective of the transport flux balance relationship, differences in pollution transport characteristics between the two cities is mainly reflected in the ABL-FT exchange effect. The FT mainly flowed into the ABL in BJ, while in SJZ, the outflow from the ABL to the FT was more intense. Combined with an analysis of vertical wind profile distribution, BJ was found to be more susceptible to the influence of northwest cold high prevailing in winter, while sinking of strong cold air allowed the FT flowing into the ABL influence the vertical exchange over BJ. In addition, we selected a typical pollution event for targeted analysis to understand mechanistic details of the influence of ABL-FT exchange on the pollution event. These results showed that ABL-FT interaction played an important role in PM_2.5 concentration within the ABL during heavy pollution. Especially in the early stage of heavy pollution, FT transport contributed as much as 82.74% of PM_2.5 within the ABL. These findings are significant for improving our understanding of pollution transport characteristics within the boundary layer and the effect of ABL-FT exchange on air quality.     

Review on recent progress in on-line monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions in China

Emissions from mobile sources and stationary sources contribute to atmospheric pollution in China, and its components, which include ultrafine particles (UFPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other reactive gases, such as NH₃ and NO_x, are the most harmful to human health. China has released various regulations and standards to address pollution from mobile and stationary sources. Thus, it is urgent to develop online monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions. This study provides an overview of the main progress in mobile and stationary source monitoring technology in China and describes the comprehensive application of some typical instruments in vital areas in recent years. These instruments have been applied to monitor emissions from motor vehicles, ships, airports, the chemical industry, and electric power generation. Not only has the level of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment been improving, but relevant regulations and standards have also been constantly updated. Meanwhile, the developed instruments can provide scientific assistance for the successful implementation of regulations. According to the potential problem areas in atmospheric pollution in China, some research hotspots and future trends of atmospheric online monitoring technology are summarized. Furthermore, more advanced atmospheric online monitoring technology will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric pollution and improve environmental monitoring capacity.     

臭氧层减少对沿海地区大气温度与环境的影响

利用青岛市连９年的主空探测资料，分析也大气温度的变化与高空臭氧层有关，高层气温与地面气温呈负相关变化。高空臭氧减少，使沿海地区温度梯度加大，在不我向时可能造成大气污染加重，暖气团辐合上升，易将大气污染物挟带支支中，当酸性物大于碱性物时形成酸雨，产生一系大气环境问题。     

福建沿海海岛大气颗粒物中有机氯农药的区域背景及污染特征

为了研究沿海海岛背景区大气OCPs（有机氯农药）污染特征,于福建东山岛采集大气颗粒物样品,分析其中20种OCP化合物的质量浓度及可能来源.结果表明:东山岛大气颗粒物中ρ（总OCPs）为0.05~13.24 pg/m3,平均值为（3.21±2.78）pg/m3.其中,ρ（HCH）（HCH为六六六）最高,占ρ（总OCPs）的50.2%,其次是ρ（甲氧DDT）（甲氧DDT为甲氧滴滴涕）、ρ（DDT）（DDT为滴滴涕）和ρ（异狄氏剂）,而ρ（氯丹）、ρ（硫丹）、ρ（艾氏剂）和ρ（狄氏剂）均较低.ρ（总OCPs）季节性变化特征明显,表现为春季>冬季>夏季.OCPs分子标志分析显示,冬季和春季东山岛存在林丹新源的输入,夏季存在DDT新源的输入,而氯丹和硫丹主要以历史残留为主.与其他区域相比,东山岛大气颗粒物中ρ（总OCPs）明显低于城市、工业、农业、郊区、陆地背景区以及欧洲沿海背景区,总体处于较低水平.按功能区分化,OCPs的污染特征表现为城市、工业和农业区域>郊区、陆地背景区>海洋背景区.气团后向轨迹分析显示,春季ρ（总OCPs）较高可能受到北方陆地污染气团来源的影响,而夏季ρ（总OCPs）较低主要受到洁净海洋气团来源的影响.研究显示,福建沿海海岛背景区域大气中OCPs受污染源影响较小,其赋存状态处于较低水平.      

多遥感设备联用在区域空气质量变化与边界层结构关系研究中的应用

为研究佛山地区空气质量变化与边界层结构的关系,2015年10-12月在佛山地区3个站点同步开展了多台风廓线雷达、激光雷达、微波辐射计联用的大气边界层结构观测实验.结果表明:风廓线雷达探测可获得平均风场垂直分布的连续变化,发现佛山地区风场垂直分层结构明显,空气污染与近地小风层厚度的相关性较强.激光雷达探测可获得颗粒物消光特性垂直分布的连续变化,发现佛山地区颗粒物消光特性与大气边界层结构有密切关系,空气质量指数(AQI)变化与颗粒物激光雷达探测反演的边界层高度相关性较高,相关系数为-0.58.微波辐射计探测可获得平均温度、相对湿度垂直分布的连续变化,逆温和相对湿度变化对边界层日变化及空气污染成因分析有较高的价值.通过多设备联合探测,可同时获得研究地区平均风场垂直分布特征、颗粒物浓度变化特征、逆温和相对湿度的变化特征.多设备联合探测,有利于区域空气质量变化与边界层结构关系机理研究,对区域空气质量变化的预测预报有重要作用.     

京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网的建设与应用

京津冀及周边地区大气染污综合立体观测网针对的是大气重污染发生-演变-消散全过程的核心科学问题,通过制定适用于京津冀及周边地区的大气污染综合观测技术规范,建立了区域大气污染综合立体观测网,开展了近地面及大气边界层气象和大气化学过程的同步观测,构建了监测数据综合分析及共享应用平台,实现了大气环境多源数据综合管理业务化,为大气重污染成因研究提供精准数据集,提升了京津冀秋冬季重污染成因机制研究和精细化源解析的能力,推动了京津冀及周边地区空气质量的持续改善.京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网开展了传输通道的加密观测,增加了背景站和手工采样点观测,建立了包括黑碳、氨和重金属等多要素的关键站点,并充分利用了服务于科学研究的超级站和垂直梯度观测技术.京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体观测网和数据平台的建立,实现了业务部门与科研部门数据的有效融合与综合管理业务化,具有效率高、代表性好、目的性强的特点,能够很好地应对决策部门不断提高的管理需求.观测网络和平台充分吸取了国外的先进技术和观测经验,保证了观测网长期稳定运行;通过综合环境空气质量监测预警和发布平台,为环境空气质量监测和污染成因综合研究提供技术支撑,最终为实现我国空气质量的全面改善奠定了坚实的基础.      

A review of Space-Air-Ground integrated remote sensing techniques for atmospheric monitoring

Currently, the three-dimensional (3D) distribution and characteristics of air pollution cannot be understood based on the application of any single atmospheric monitoring technology. Long-term, high-precision and large-scale 3D atmospheric monitoring might become practical by combining heterogeneous modern technologies; for this purpose, the SpaceAir-Ground integrated system is a promising concept. In this system, optical remote sensing technologies employing fixed or mobile platforms are used a...     

Economic analysis of atmospheric mercury emission control for coal-fired power plants in China

Coal combustion and mercury pollution are closely linked, and this relationship is particularly relevant in China, the world's largest coal consumer. This paper begins with a summary of recent China-specific studies on mercury removal by air pollution control technologies and then provides an economic analysis of mercury abatement from these emission control technologies at coal-fired power plants in China. This includes a cost-effectiveness analysis at the enterprise and sector level in China using 2010 as a baseline and projecting out to 2020 and 2030. Of the control technologies evaluated, the most cost-effective is a fabric filter installed upstream of the wet flue gas desulfurization system (FF + WFGD). Halogen injection (HI) is also a cost-effective mercury-specific control strategy, although it has not yet reached commercial maturity. The sector-level analysis shows that 193 tons of mercury was removed in 2010 in China's coal-fired power sector, with annualized mercury emission control costs of 2.7 billion Chinese Yuan. Under a projected 2030 Emission Control (EC) scenario with stringent mercury limits compared to Business As Usual (BAU) scenario, the increase of selective catalytic reduction systems (SCR) and the use of HI could contribute to 39 tons of mercury removal at a cost of 3.8 billion CNY. The economic analysis presented in this paper offers insights on air pollution control technologies and practices for enhancing atmospheric mercury control that can aid decision-making in policy design and private-sector investments.     

Variations in stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in atmospheric water vapor in the marine boundary layer across a wide latitude range

The newly-developed cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy analyzer with special calibration protocols has enabled the direct measurement of atmospheric vapor isotopes at high spatial and temporal resolution. This paper presents real-time hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope data for atmospheric water vapor above the sea surface, over a wide range of latitudes spanning from 38°N to 69°S. Our results showed relatively higher values of 8180 and 82H in the subtropical regions than those in the tropical and high latitude regions, and also a notable decreasing trend in the Antarctic coastal region. By combining the hydrogen and oxygen isotope data with meteoric water line and backward trajectory model analysis, we explored the kinetic fractionation caused by subsiding air masses and related saturated vapor pressure in the subtropics, and the evaporation-driven kinetic fractionation in the Antarctic region. Simultaneous observations of meteorological and marine variables were used to interpret the isotopic composition characteristics and influential factors, indicating that d-excess is negatively correlated with humidity across a wide range of latitudes and weather conditions worldwide. Coincident with previous studies, d-excess is also positively correlated with sea surface temperature and air temperature （Tair）, with greater sensitivity to Tair. Thus, atmospheric vapor isotopes measured with high accuracy and good spatial- temporal resolution could act as informative tracers for exploring the water cycle at different regional scales. Such monitoring efforts should be undertaken over a longer time period and in different regions of the world.     

北京城区夏季静稳天气下大气边界层与大气污染的关系

利用ALS300激光雷达系统测量的信号,根据Fernald方法反演的气溶胶消光系数的最大突变即最大递减率的高度确定大气边界层高度. 结果表明:在夏季静稳天气下,大气边界层平均高度为600 m,其中晴天为1 000 m,雾天为700 m,阴雨天在200~300 m之间. 静稳天气下的大气边界层不容易被有效突破,故不利于大气污染物扩散. 大气边界层高度对污染物浓度影响显著,没有降雨时,大气边界层降低(400 m),大气污染加重,在城区宝联站监测的ρ(PM_2.5)近200 μg/m3,在大气本底站——上甸子站近150 μg/m3;如果伴有降水,大气边界层高度升至600 m,大气污染则减轻,2个站点观测的ρ(PM_2.5)均降至50 μg/m3以下. 静稳天气下的大气污染呈现区域性特点.      

长三角地区典型PM2.5污染过程和跨区域传输对宁波污染贡献评估模拟

利用WRF模式和嵌套网格空气质量模式（NAQPMS）对长三角地区2015年1月一次典型PM_2.5区域重污染事件进行数值模拟.结果表明,NAQPMS模拟再现了长三角地区PM_2.5重污染的发展过程,外来区域污染输送是导致长三角地区发生重污染的一个重要因素,主要受3条通道传输影响：内陆（河南-安徽-江苏）通道、沿海（京津冀-山东-江苏）通道和海洋（京津冀-山东-黄海-江苏）通道.以宁波为对象评估污染跨区域输送贡献的解析结果表明：污染发生阶段以沿海通道输送为主,外来区域输送江苏贡献率较大（36.51%）;重污染阶段以内陆通道和海洋通道为主,主要外来区域贡献为浙江北（25.55%）、安徽（12.33%）和海洋（16.92%）;污染消散主要受海洋通道影响,外来输送主要为江苏（14.74%）和海洋（31.43%）.     

The oceanic source of carbonyl sulfide (COS)

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) concentrations both in sea water and in the marine atmospheric boundary layer have been measured for 2 years at Amsterdam Island, as well as during oceanographic cruises in regions of different productivity (coastal areas, upwelling areas and open ocean) in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Surface waters of the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea were found to be supersaturated with respect to the atmosphere. The supersaturation of surface coastal sea water in COS displays a diurnal cycle with a midday/midnight ratio of approximately 4, and in addition a seasonal cycle with maximum values during summer and a summer/winter ratio of 2. The supersaturation of open ocean surface sea water is 3 times lower than that of the coastal areas. Taking into account the diurnal, seasonal and geographical variations of the sea water supersaturation in COS, along with the seasonal variation of the sea-air exchange coefficient and the Henry's law coefficient, a global oceanic flux of COS of 0.43 (0.30 to 0.60)Tg COS per year is estimated.     

石家庄冬季典型污染过程气溶胶激光雷达观测

基于2016年冬季石家庄市微脉冲气溶胶激光雷达观测资料,采用归一化梯度法和梯度法两种方法反演了大气污染边界层高度,并将结果与相同时段探空资料获得的边界层高度进行对比验证,同时选取典型个例对污染边界层高度的过程演变特征进行了分析,探索了不同污染等级下污染边界层结构.结果表明,归一化、梯度法反演结果均与探空位温确定的边界层高度存在一致性,相关系数分别为0.62、0.55,均通过了0.05的显著性检验,但归一化相对误差为19%,梯度法为34%,表明归一化梯度法优于梯度法且其反演结果是可靠的.空气质量优良日,归一化梯度法反演结果准确度降低,与位温确定边界层高度最大偏差约1000m;随着污染程度加重,反演结果与位温确定边界层高度差减小,污染期间,污染边界层高度总体低于1000m,污染最重时段降到400m左右.不同空气质量等级、不同高度气溶胶消光系数垂直递减率具有明显差异,污染天气400m高度垂直递减率最大,表明该层以下为较重污染聚积层,之后随高度升高消光系数明显减小,700m以上为清洁空气.     

泰安市冬季一次严重空气污染过程分析

为揭示泰安市空气污染形成原因,选取泰安市2016年12月一次严重空气污染过程,利用泰安市2016年12月地面和探空资料及NCEP/NCAR（美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心）提供的FNL资料,对泰安市严重污染期间大气环流形势、边界层条件、污染源及传输路径进行分析.结果表明:在泰安市霾污染期间,500 hPa大气环流形势呈"两槽一脊"的特征,850 hPa泰安市处于南支槽前,受西南暖湿气流影响,为ρ（PM_2.5）的升高提供了有利条件;泰安市近地面处于高压控制下的弱风区（平均风速约为1.2 m/s）且边界层有逆温层存在,阻碍了PM_2.5的垂直输送,造成近地面ρ（PM_2.5）急剧升高.此外,泰安市及周边地区污染严重,聚类分析结果表明此次过程本地输送占比约为34%,其余均为外来传输,即污染物主要通过外来源传输,本地污染源贡献比率较小.污染物的高、低空传输路径不一致,低空污染物主要从安徽省水平输送至泰安市,高空污染物则先由河北省、河南省向南传输至安徽省、湖北省等地,再随南风气流向北输送至泰安市.研究显示,外来污染源传输作用配合本地静稳天气形势是造成此次泰安市空气污染的主要原因.