栅藻LX1和雨生红球藻的胞外产物产生特性及其对藻细胞生长的影响

基于微藻在资源化大规模培养过程中,其胞外产物对藻细胞生长影响的不确定性,对比研究了两株高含油脂藻种,栅藻LX1（Scenedesmus sp.LX1）和雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvislis）的生长特征、胞外产物的产生特性,以及胞外产物对藻细胞生长的影响。研究结果表明,在相同培养条件下,栅藻LX1与雨生红球藻的内禀生长速率基本相当,分别为0.16和0.17 d-1。两株藻在不同生长期的胞外产物（以DOC值表征）产生速率不同,其中栅藻LX1胞外产物的对数期产生速率（1.4 mg·L-1·d-1）﹥稳定期后期产生速率（0.56 mg·L-1·d-1）﹥稳定期产生速率（0.48 mg·L-1·d-1）;雨生红球藻胞外产物的稳定期后期产生速率（2.3 mg·L-1·d-1）﹥稳定期产生速率（0.88 mg·L-1·d-1）﹥对数期产生速率（0.66 mg·L-1·d-1）。栅藻LX1胞外产物对其整个生长过程都有明显抑制;雨生红球藻胞外产物则在稳定期后期才对其生长产生明显抑制作用。     

雨生红球藻3个株系的生长及对光盐反应初探

对雨生红球藻3个株系（No.3、No.712和No.797)的生长、对诱导虾青素形成的光盐因子的反应进行了比较，结果表明：No.3、No.712和No.797的生长速率分别为0．128d^-1,0.137d^-1和0.144d^-1；外加盐的量较大（4gL^-1)时导致雨生红球藻细胞数的减少，而外加盐浓度较低（2gL^-1)时，细胞数的反应因株系和光照的不同而有所差异；盐和强光照均导致静细胞比例显著增加；盐的加入仅在弱光照下诱导雨生红球藻3个株系的虾青素累积，在强光照下却导致件株系虾青素含量的下降，强光照下不外加盐时No.3、NO.712和No.797藻液的虾青素含量无显著差异，分别为2.15、2.77和2．45mg L^-1。图1表2参12     

微藻对壬基酚的响应及去除能效研究

分离筛选11种微藻开展微藻对NP暴露的响应特征和去除能效研究。NP对叶绿素a含量的96 h半抑制效应浓度(EC50)介于0.60~3.33 mg·L~(-1)之间,EC50由小到大依次为:短棘盘星藻羊角月牙藻小球藻衣藻斜生栅藻肥壮蹄形藻卷曲纤维藻二尾栅藻惠氏微囊藻四尾栅藻蛋白核小球藻。除斜生栅藻、羊角月牙藻、肥壮蹄形藻、卷曲纤维藻之外,微藻的生长速率与EC50呈显著的正相关关系。EC50与细胞粒径、表面积以及体积总体上呈负相关关系,与微藻对NP的最大去除速率和半饱和常数呈正相关关系。NP的藻类去除过程符合一级反应动力学方程,且NP的半衰期与微藻起始总表面积呈显著的负相关关系。NP对微藻群落的影响与其浓度相关,其选择性干扰效应主要与微藻耐受性相关。NP耐受性高的种类多表现出高生长速率和去除能力。     

不同微藻对典型行业废水急性毒性响应的敏感性研究

研究考察了不同行业废水对4种微藻24 h和72 h的急性毒性效应。以斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、海水小球藻(Chlorella spp.)以及等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)为指示生物,采用COD浓度较高的焦化厂实际生产废水和制药厂实际生产废水、COD浓度较低的印染厂生化处理后出水和城市污水处理厂进出水作为受试水体,以微藻的生长抑制率为测试指标,评价微藻对不同行业废水的急性毒性效应和敏感性。结果表明,不同行业废水对4种微藻的急性毒性效应有所不同:焦化废水对等鞭金藻的生长抑制作用最强,制药废水对斜生栅藻的毒性效应最为明显,印染废水及城市污水处理厂的进出水对海水小球藻的毒性较为显著,说明不同微藻对不同行业废水毒性的敏感性存在差异。上述研究结果为废水毒性评价中受试物种的选择提供了基础数据。     

不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应(The Toxicological Effects of Cr6+ on Chlorella Vulgaris, Scenedesmus Obliquus and Microcystis Aeruginosa at Different pH Values)

目前我国水质量生态基准的研究较为零星、分散.研究了不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应,以期为我国水生态基准的科学制定以及基准的相关研究工作提供参考.选取小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻3种典型的藻种,在pH为7.0,8.0和9.0三个条件下,依据OECD-201藻类生长抑制实验指南,以72h藻生物量为测试终点,计算3种藻的比生长率,以及Cr6+对3种藻产生毒性效应的NOEC、LOEC、EC10和EC20值.结果表明,在本实验条件下,在不同pH条件下藻种生长不同,小球藻的最适pH值为7.0,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的最适pH值为9.0;在不同pH条件下,Cr6+对小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的毒性作用不同,Cr6+对小球藻在pH=7.0时毒性最小,对斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻在pH=9.0时的毒性最小.在藻最适生长的pH条件下,Cr6+的毒性可以达到最小程度;铜绿微囊藻对Cr6+比斜生栅藻和小球藻更加敏感.     

影响雨生红球藻797株生长和虾青素积累的某些因素

研究了雨生红球藻 (Haematococcuspluvialis) 797株的N源需求和营养盐吸收 ,并利用高光强和乙酸钠处理该藻 ,研究虾青素累积情况以及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性、营养盐、细胞状态的变化 .NH+ 4 N培养的生长速率明显高于NO-3 N培养 ,平均生长速率分别为 0 .2 79d-1和 0 .190d-1.NH+ 4 N培养所消耗的N、P营养盐比NO-3 N培养的消耗少 .两种N源下强光照处理 1d和 7d均导致雨生红球藻细胞数减少而静细胞比例增加 .在虾青素合成阶段 ,藻液N含量急剧下降而P含量基本保持稳定 ,说明虾青素合成对N的需要量大而对P的需要小 .在NO-3 N培养下 ,乙酸钠的加入则对虾青素的生产无显著影响 .在NH+ 4 N培养下SOD活性下降而虾青素含量升高 ;在NO-3 N培养下SOD活性与虾青素含量同时升高 .图 2表 4参 15     

不同温度下铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的最佳生长率及竞争作用

以温度为主要控制因子,研究了单独培养和按不同接种密度比混合培养下铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aerugino-sa)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的生长状况。结果表明,在温度为7～35℃条件下,微囊藻比增长率随着温度的升高而增大,而栅藻增长率随着温度的升高先增大后减小。竞争体系对2种藻的比增长率均有影响,微囊藻在微囊藻与栅藻接种比例为10∶1的混合培养体系中增长最慢,栅藻则在微囊藻与栅藻接种密度比为1∶10的混合培养体系中增长最慢。不同温度条件下在2种藻不同接种密度比的混合培养体系中,微囊藻对栅藻的竞争抑制能力均大于栅藻对微囊藻的竞争抑制能力。藻种间的竞争抑制能力因温度的变化而得到不同程度的强化或减弱,铜绿微囊藻具有更强的竞争能力。     

铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻生长的磷营养动力学特征

在无磷培养基中添加不同质量浓度的磷,对经过磷饥饿的铜绿微囊藻Microcystisaeruginosa和斜生栅藻Scendesmusobliquus进行一次性培养,比较研究磷饥饿下两种藻对外源磷的生长反应,并应用Monod方程计算了两种藻的营养动力学参数(Umax、Ks)。结果表明,铜绿微囊藻现存量快速增加的磷质量浓度在0.020~0.200mg·L-1之间,比生长速率快速增长的磷质量浓度在0.00~0.200mg·L-1之间,斜生栅藻现存量快速增加的磷质量浓度在0.02~4.00mg·L-1之间,比生长速率快速增长的磷质量浓度在0.020~0.500mg·L-1之间。无论在现存量上还是在生长速率上,铜绿微囊藻适宜的磷质量浓度都比斜生栅藻的低。铜绿微囊藻的最大生长速率和半饱和常数分别为0.229/d、0.026mg·L-1;斜生栅藻的最大生长速率和半饱和常数分别为0.395/d、0.031mg·L-1。生长动力学参数表明:当磷缺乏的情况下,铜绿微囊藻容易形成优势,当磷丰富的情况下,斜生栅藻容易形成优势。     

微藻对无机汞和甲基汞的吸附和吸收特性

本文选取蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻两种微藻作为研究对象,将其接种于含有低浓度无机汞(0.1—2.0μg·L~(-1))和甲基汞(5.0—100 ng·L~(-1))的培养基中,考察两种藻的耐受性及微藻对无机汞及甲基汞的吸附和吸收特性.结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,0.1μg·L~(-1)的无机汞和5.0 ng·L~(-1)的甲基汞即可抑制蛋白核小球藻和斜生栅藻的生长,抑制作用随汞浓度的升高而增强.超过60%的无机汞和70%的甲基汞在24 h内通过吸附和吸收快速转移到了微藻,只有少量汞化合物残留于培养基中,168 h后,两种藻对无机汞和甲基汞的最高去除率分别为99.75%和99.82%.单个微藻细胞对于无机汞和甲基汞的吸附和吸收均在24 h达到最大值,随培养时间的延长,细胞增殖产生的稀释效应导致单细胞吸附量和吸收量逐渐降低.实验中观察到了无机汞和甲基汞在微藻细胞表面吸附及内部吸收的转换.     

微藻在南美白对虾养殖废水中的生长及净化效果

为了解不同微藻对南美白对虾养殖尾水的净化作用,通过室内微藻培养试验,分析8株微藻在南美白对虾养殖尾水中的生长性能及不同时间内其对氮磷的去除效果.结果表明,8株藻均能在南美白对虾养殖尾水中生长,其中铜绿微囊藻、衣藻和蛋白核小球藻生长较好,平均相对生长速率分别为0.309 3、0.246 9和0.215 5.8种藻对总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除效果差异较大,其中铜绿微囊藻、衣藻和蛋白核小球藻对TN去除效果较好,培养结束时去除率分别达到74%、69%和60%;铜绿微囊藻和衣藻均具有较好的TP去除效果,去除率达60%以上,其次为蛋白核小球藻.不同藻类对不同形态氮的吸收存在较大差异,铜绿微囊藻和衣藻具有较好的硝态氮去除效果,去除率达到70%左右;衣藻对氨氮具有较快且持久的去除率,去除率高达100%,铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻稍慢,而斜生栅藻、针杆藻和舟形藻最慢,在培养16 d后,去除率均达到90%以上;隐藻和蛋白核小球藻对亚硝态氮具有较好的去除效果,培养至第8天时即达到80%的去除率,且隐藻去除效果较持久.本研究获得了不同藻类对对虾养殖尾水的吸收利用特点,可为南美白对虾养殖过程中藻相的定向培育及养殖尾水净化提供科学参考依据.     

沼液培养的普通小球藻对CO2的去除

利用微藻固定CO2和处理污水已成为微藻应用的一个重要研究方向.利用营养丰富的沼气发酵废液培养小球藻,藻种经驯化后在不同浓度沼液中能良好生长.小球藻在高浓度的CO2中有较好的生长和较强的耐受能力,在1.5%CO2通气下生物量最高.在此基础上考察了沼液中小球藻对CO2的去除情况.结果表明,提高小球藻生长速率和CO2浓度可以增加小球藻对CO2的去除量,降低通气也可提高CO2去除率.在1.5%CO2浓度、通气量60 mL min-1条件下,CO2去除率可达30.61%;在10%CO2浓度、通气量100 mL min-1时最高去除量为279.7 mg L-1 h-1.采用六管串联通气培养小球藻去除粗沼气中的CO2,去除量为(205.80±13.20)mg L-1 h-1,去除率为60.32%±3.73%.在同样的通气量下,CO2的去除量与单管培养相近,去除率是单管培养的近6倍,因此小球藻对沼气中的CO2具有良好的去除效果.图4表2参17     

Attached cultivation of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 on selected solids and the effect of surface properties on attachment

Attachment of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 was tested on certain materials. A criterion for selection of materials was used to choose seven materials. The amount of S. sp. LX1 attached on polyurethane foam was 51.74 mg/L. Materials’ surface influenced the attachment of microalgae. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties also affected the attachment of S. sp. LX1. Attached cultivation systems in the literature do not present a methodology to screen materials for microalgal growth. Hence, a method is needed to find suitable materials for attached cultivation that may enhance attachment of microalgae. In this paper, we have tested seven materials culturing Scenedesmus sp. LX1 (S. sp. LX1) to evaluate the attachment of microalgae on the material surface, its growth in suspension phase and the properties of the materials. Two materials showed attachment of S. sp. LX1, polyurethane foam and loofah sponge, and allowed microalgae to grow both in the surface of the material and suspended phase. Polyurethane foam proved to be a good material for attachment of S. sp. LX1 and the amount of attached microalgae obtained was 51.73 mg/L when adding 100 pieces/L. SEM images showed that the surface and the pore size of the materials affected the attachment of the microalgae, increasing its attachment in scaffold-like materials. Furthermore, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the materials also affected the attachment of microalgae. This research can be used as a methodology to search for the assessment of a material suitable for attachment of microalgae.     

利用污水资源生产微藻生物柴油的关键技术及潜力分析

21世纪人类面临着能源与水资源的双重危机与挑战。微藻制备生物柴油和微藻深度脱氮除磷分别是开发新能源和污水深度处理方面的热点研究,但二者的单一系统均存在一定的局限性。基于微藻培养的污水深度处理与生物柴油生产耦合系统可以克服上述单一系统的局限性,在深度处理污水的同时,以污水为资源制备微藻生物柴油。藻种筛选是耦合系统的前提与重点,其筛选原则为在二级出水条件下生长快、氮磷去除效率高和单位藻细胞油脂含量高。合适的藻细胞分离收获及油脂提取技术能够降低能耗;而油渣厌氧发酵可充分回收其中的能量,同时减少油渣对环境造成的不利影响。根据耦合系统的工艺特点,每年全国利用该耦合工艺以生活污水为原料生产微藻生物柴油的潜力约397万t。     

Comparison of growth and lipid accumulation properties of two oleaginous microalgae under different nutrient conditions

This study compared the growth and lipid accumulation properties of two oleaginous microalgae, namely, Scenedesmus sp. LX1 and Chlorella sp. HQ, under different nutrient conditions. Both algal species obtained the highest biomass, lipid content and lipid yield under low-nutrient conditions （mBGll medium）. The biomass, lipid content and lipid yield of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 were 0.42g·L^-1, 22.5% and 93.8mg·L^-1, respectively. These values were relatively higher than those of Chlorella sp. HQ （0.30g·L^-1, 17.1% and 51.3mg·L^-1, respectively）. These algae were then cultivated in an SE medium that contained more nutrients; as a result, the biomass and lipid yield of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 reduced more significantly than those of Chlorella sp. HQ. Opposite results were observed in lipid and triacylglycerols （TAGs） contents. The cell sizes of both algal species under low-nutrient conditions were larger than those under high-nutrient conditions. Chlorella sp. HQ cells did not aggregate, but Scenedesmus sp. LX1 cells flocculated easily, particularly under low-nutrient conditions. In summary, low-nutrient conditions favour the growth and lipid production of both algae, but Scenedesmus sp. LX1 outperforms Chlorella sp. HQ.     

红球藻水生748株(Haematococcus sp.HB748)培养基的选择与对维生素B_(12)的需求

比较了红球藻HB748株在MCM，BBM及BG－11．3种培养基中的生长．结果表明：HB748在这3种培养基中前4d的平均生长速率分别为0．97d－1，0．77d－1和0．63d－1，存在显著差异；然而，在BBM和BG－11中添加MCM中所含等量VB12后，748株在3种培养基中的生长速率趋于一致，表明VB12，是HB748维持较好的前期生长的必需成分；在VB12的需求满足后．3种培养基无机组分的差异对HB748前期生长影响甚微．     

不同粒径和不同浓度清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响

采用室内模拟试验研究了不同粒径和不同浓度悬浮清洁疏浚物对2种常见海洋微藻小球藻（Chlorella sp.）和新月菱形藻（Nitzschia closterium）生长的影响.结果表明,在8d的试验周期里,与对照组相比,不同浓度清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻生长的影响均达极显著水平（P＜0.01）.在相同粒径范围内,悬浮清洁疏浚物质量浓度为1～7g·L-1时,其对微藻生长的抑制作用随浓度升高而增加.随悬浮清洁疏浚物粒径的减小,2种海洋微藻的细胞密度呈下降趋势,＞88～ 125 μm粒径范围内生长的藻细胞受影响最小,0～16 μm粒径范围内生长的藻细胞受影响最大.悬浮清洁疏浚物对2种海洋微藻比生长速率的抑制作用明显,延缓了最大比生长速率出现的时间.2种海洋微藻对悬浮清洁疏浚物的敏感性存在差异,小球藻对悬浮清洁疏浚物的反应更加迅速.     

不同氮源对2种微藻生长及总脂含量的影响

采用一次培养的方式研究硝态氮（NaNO3）、氨态氮（NH4Cl）、有机氮（尿素）及硝铵混合氮（NH4NO3）（氮浓度17.6 mmol.L-1）对新分离的两株热带淡水微藻——网状空星藻Coelastrum reticulatum及栅藻Scenedesums sp.生长情况及总脂含量的影响。结果表明,2株微藻在不同氮源影响下生长状况不同,并且造成最终的干质量、总脂含量也有较为明显的差异。2种藻添加NaNO3和NH4Cl情况下分别获得了最高的生物量（（0.72±0.08）g.L-1和（0.80±0.03）g.L-1）和最高总脂含量（（38.35±1.32）%和（30.24±3.13）%）。最终二者在添加NaNO3的情况下单位体积总脂产量最高,分别为199.26 mg.L-1和190.76 mg.L-1,均可作为生物柴油的良好来源。     

Algal biomass valorization for biofuel production and carbon sequestration: a review

The world is experiencing an energy crisis and environmental issues due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the continuous increase in carbon dioxide concentrations. Microalgal biofuels are produced using sunlight, water, and simple salt minerals. Their high growth rate, photosynthesis, and carbon dioxide sequestration capacity make them one of the most important biorefinery platforms. Furthermore, microalgae's ability to alter their metabolism in response to environmental stresses to produce relatively high levels of high-value compounds makes them a promising alternative to fossil fuels. As a result, microalgae can significantly contribute to long-term solutions to critical global issues such as the energy crisis and climate change. The environmental benefits of algal biofuel have been demonstrated by significant reductions in carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur oxide emissions. Microalgae-derived biomass has the potential to generate a wide range of commercially important high-value compounds, novel materials, and feedstock for a variety of industries, including cosmetics, food, and feed. This review evaluates the potential of using microalgal biomass to produce a variety of bioenergy carriers, including biodiesel from stored lipids, alcohols from reserved carbohydrate fermentation, and hydrogen, syngas, methane, biochar and bio-oils via anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, and gasification. Furthermore, the potential use of microalgal biomass in carbon sequestration routes as an atmospheric carbon removal approach is being evaluated. The cost of algal biofuel production is primarily determined by culturing (77%), harvesting (12%), and lipid extraction (7.9%). As a result, the choice of microalgal species and cultivation mode (autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic) are important factors in controlling biomass and bioenergy production, as well as fuel properties. The simultaneous production of microalgal biomass in agricultural, municipal, or industrial wastewater is a low-cost option that could significantly reduce economic and environmental costs while also providing a valuable remediation service. Microalgae have also been proposed as a viable candidate for carbon dioxide capture from the atmosphere or an industrial point source. Microalgae can sequester 1.3 kg of carbon dioxide to produce 1 kg of biomass. Using potent microalgal strains in efficient design bioreactors for carbon dioxide sequestration is thus a challenge. Microalgae can theoretically use up to 9% of light energy to capture and convert 513 tons of carbon dioxide into 280 tons of dry biomass per hectare per year in open and closed cultures. Using an integrated microalgal bio-refinery to recover high-value-added products could reduce waste and create efficient biomass processing into bioenergy. To design an efficient atmospheric carbon removal system, algal biomass cultivation should be coupled with thermochemical technologies, such as pyrolysis.