HCO3-对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和小环藻增长特性及竞争行为的影响

HCO3-为湖泊水体中藻类重要的无机碳源,其含量多少的变化对藻类优势种的形成起到重要作用。文章采用含HCO3-培养基HAC与无HCO3-培养基HA对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus Quadricauda)和小环藻(Cyclotellasp.)进行纯培养和共培养竞争实验,考察HCO3-对藻类优势种形成的影响。利用logistic种群增长模型拟合纯培养三藻的生长曲线,并求出最大增长速率r以及Lotka-Volterra竞争模型求出各自竞争参数。铜绿微囊藻与四尾栅藻在HAC中纯培养和共培养的生物量K和最大增长速率r均远大于在HA中,表明这两种藻的增殖需要HCO3-作为碳源平衡胞内营养平衡;小环藻不能在有HCO3-的培养基中生存。在HAC中,铜绿微囊藻与四尾栅藻的平均抑制作用相当,实现共存。铜绿微囊藻在无HCO3-环境中对营养资源更具竞争力,其对四尾栅藻的平均抑制作用是相反抑制的1.6倍,对小环藻的抑制是相反抑制的61倍;四尾栅藻在无HCO3-环境中竞争力弱于铜绿微囊藻强于小环藻,其对小环藻的抑制是相反抑制的10倍;小环藻在HA竞争试验中被淘汰。     

铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和小环藻竞争实验培养基的选择

改变培养基的氮源形态和碳源浓度,研究铜绿微囊藻、小环藻和四尾栅藻的单藻增长行为,筛选适宜的培养基作为混藻竞争实验的共培养基。研究表明,铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻在氨氮培养基中的最大生物量K和最大比增长速率r均不及以硝态氮为氮源的培养基;添加高浓度HCO3-(NaHCO3 1.410 mmol/L)能够提高铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻藻细胞对氨氮的吸收能力;较低碳源浓度(NaCO3 0.0943 mmol/L)的培养基中,四尾栅藻的初始比增长速率及生物量远高于铜绿微囊藻,但其最大比增长速率r低于铜绿微囊藻,在实验的第10天左右铜绿微囊藻的生物量超过四尾栅藻;小环藻不能在较高浓度碳源(NaHCO3 1.504 mmol/L)下存活;铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻与小环藻均可在以氨氮(HA)或硝态氮(HN)为氮源的培养基中单独培养并达到实验所需生物量,因此,HN和HA可以作为实验室内这三种藻共培养适宜的培养基,为今后研究藻类种间资源竞争机制提供实验依据。     

阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长的影响

在实验室内利用MA培养液培养,通过测定藻生长量和叶绿素a含量,研究不同浓度下的阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)生长的影响,并以藻细胞数表示的最大比生长率为指标,评价2种藻对阿特拉津的敏感性.结果表明,在0.001～5.000 mg·L-1质量浓度范围内,阿特拉津对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻的生长表现出低浓度刺激、高浓度抑制的效应,且阿特拉津对四尾栅藻的刺激效应明显大于铜绿微囊藻.     

强电离放电对铜绿微囊藻的杀灭效果

研究了不同曝气量、初始藻密度、放置培养时间、pH值和温度条件下强电场电离放电对铜绿微囊藻的杀灭效果.结果表明,在一定范围内,微囊藻灭活率随曝气量、初始藻密度、放置培养时间、pH值和温度的增加而增大.当曝气量为500 mL·min-1,初始藻密度为9×106mL-1,pH值为9.18,温度为317 K,放置培养时间为4 d,处理时间为10 min时,铜绿微囊藻的灭活率接近100.0%.     

不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应(The Toxicological Effects of Cr6+ on Chlorella Vulgaris, Scenedesmus Obliquus and Microcystis Aeruginosa at Different pH Values)

目前我国水质量生态基准的研究较为零星、分散.研究了不同pH条件下Cr6+对3种藻的毒性效应,以期为我国水生态基准的科学制定以及基准的相关研究工作提供参考.选取小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻3种典型的藻种,在pH为7.0,8.0和9.0三个条件下,依据OECD-201藻类生长抑制实验指南,以72h藻生物量为测试终点,计算3种藻的比生长率,以及Cr6+对3种藻产生毒性效应的NOEC、LOEC、EC10和EC20值.结果表明,在本实验条件下,在不同pH条件下藻种生长不同,小球藻的最适pH值为7.0,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的最适pH值为9.0;在不同pH条件下,Cr6+对小球藻、斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的毒性作用不同,Cr6+对小球藻在pH=7.0时毒性最小,对斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻在pH=9.0时的毒性最小.在藻最适生长的pH条件下,Cr6+的毒性可以达到最小程度;铜绿微囊藻对Cr6+比斜生栅藻和小球藻更加敏感.     

溶藻放线菌对铜绿微囊藻和小球藻竞争生长的影响

从土壤中分离获得l株对铜绿微囊藻有明显抑制作用的橄榄网状链霉菌SG-001（Streptomyces olivoreticuli SG-001）,研究其对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和小球藻（Chlorefla pyrenoidosa）竞争生长的影响。结果表明：SG-001菌株的活性物质主要存在于无菌滤液中,能够强烈抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,但对小球藻的生长具有明显的促进作用。当混藻中两种藻细胞初始接种浓度均为4.0×106 mL-1时,在BG11纯培养条件下,添加SG-001无菌滤液有利于小球藻生长,但对铜绿微囊藻抑制作用不明显;而SG-001无菌滤液对天然加富水样中的铜绿微囊藻具有明显抑制作用,在同时接种有铜绿微囊藻和小球藻的混合藻液中,添加SG-001无菌滤液能够明显提高小球藻的生长竞争能力,且水体中氨氮和可溶性总磷的去除率可分别达到85%和93.33%,而铜绿微囊藻在第8天时生长基本被小球藻抑制。     

不同温度和营养盐质量浓度条件下藻类的种间竞争规律

淡水浮游植物的季节性周期变化有一定的规律性,但营养负荷也会影响浮游植物种群的组成和演替.通过室内实验研究了不同温度和营养盐质量浓度条件下微囊藻和栅藻生长和种间竞争规律,结果表明:无论单独生长还是存在竞争,微囊藻在35 ℃下生长最好,栅藻在25 ℃时生长最好;存在竞争时,15 ℃和25 ℃条件下,微囊藻的最大现存量的最大值出现在磷的质量浓度为0.5 mg·L-1时;35 ℃条件下,微囊藻的最大现存量随营养盐质量浓度的升高而增大;各温度下,栅藻的最大现存量基本随营养盐质量浓度的升高而增大.浮游植物的种群组成受营养盐质量浓度的影响,营养盐质量浓度偏高的水体绿藻易成为优势种,营养盐质量浓度偏低的水体蓝藻易成为优势种;重富营养化的水体中,虽然高温时蓝藻数量增多,但由于绿藻的抑制作用,全年以绿藻为主.     

人工打捞对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的模拟试验

采用一次性培养的方式,在铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的对数期和稳定期进行人工打捞模拟试验,通过测定培养液中藻细胞密度,研究人工打捞对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。结果表明:不同生长阶段的人工打捞对铜绿微囊藻的后续生长影响差异很大;在对数期进行人工打捞,铜绿微囊藻仍可以较好地生长,并且随着打捞强度的加大,微囊藻进入指数生长期的时间延长,所达到的种群最大密度呈升高趋势;而在稳定期进行人工打捞,铜绿微囊藻很快就进入稳定期,抑制了其后续生长。藻体内丙二醛(MDA)积累量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性测定结果表明,人工打捞消除了微囊藻生长过程中的密度制约,延缓了藻细胞的衰老。     

荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的抑制效应及其机制

构建了荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)与以铜绿微囊藻为优势种的自然藻体共培养系统,分析系统中各藻种藻细胞密度、藻体叶绿素a含量、荇菜生长指标及水下[光]照度的变化;同时以荇菜种植水配置培养基,在适宜光照条件下培养铜绿微囊藻,分析藻类生长生理指标随时间的变化.结果表明:共培养系统中藻类总藻细胞密度显著下降(P<0.05),其中铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)藻细胞密度下降最为明显,40 d时比初始藻细胞密度减少了94.68%,而三角四角藻(Tetraedron minimum)数量逐渐增多,成为优势藻种,表明荇菜对铜绿微囊藻生长具有明显抑制作用.共培养系统中荇菜鲜重、水下20 cm深处光衰减率均与藻类叶绿素a含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05),表明藻细胞光合能力的大小与荇菜植株的生长及其产生的遮光作用密切相关.随培养时间延长,添加荇菜种植水的培养基中铜绿微囊藻藻细胞光密度值(D650)下降明显;叶绿素a、藻胆蛋白(包括藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白、藻红蛋白)相对含量均有不同程度的下降,培养9 d后4者相对含量分别降至5.27%、15.53%、21.11%和48.48%;藻细胞Ca2+Mg2+-ATP酶活性下降明显,表明荇菜种植水中存在着某种对铜绿微囊藻产生抑制作用的活性物质,通过对铜绿微囊藻光反应系统(PS Ⅰ和PS Ⅱ)的作用来阻碍藻细胞光合作用进程,抑制藻类生长,说明除了遮光效应外,分泌抑藻活性物质也是荇菜抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的重要机制.     

铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻生长的磷营养动力学特征

在无磷培养基中添加不同质量浓度的磷,对经过磷饥饿的铜绿微囊藻Microcystisaeruginosa和斜生栅藻Scendesmusobliquus进行一次性培养,比较研究磷饥饿下两种藻对外源磷的生长反应,并应用Monod方程计算了两种藻的营养动力学参数(Umax、Ks)。结果表明,铜绿微囊藻现存量快速增加的磷质量浓度在0.020~0.200mg·L-1之间,比生长速率快速增长的磷质量浓度在0.00~0.200mg·L-1之间,斜生栅藻现存量快速增加的磷质量浓度在0.02~4.00mg·L-1之间,比生长速率快速增长的磷质量浓度在0.020~0.500mg·L-1之间。无论在现存量上还是在生长速率上,铜绿微囊藻适宜的磷质量浓度都比斜生栅藻的低。铜绿微囊藻的最大生长速率和半饱和常数分别为0.229/d、0.026mg·L-1;斜生栅藻的最大生长速率和半饱和常数分别为0.395/d、0.031mg·L-1。生长动力学参数表明:当磷缺乏的情况下,铜绿微囊藻容易形成优势,当磷丰富的情况下,斜生栅藻容易形成优势。     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

河流底泥污染及其控制与修复

水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。在河流环境中,河床沉积底泥以推移和悬浮形式输送,很大程度上导致了上覆水和沉积底泥的相互物理作用。河流有强有力的自然环境,在河流系统中趋向有利于沉积底泥的解吸作用,从而将会影响上覆水的水质。因此,在水质管理计划中,应该将已污染的沉积底泥作为一个污染源予以考虑,沉积底泥是河流污染的一个重要方面。文章根据近年来国内外对河流底泥污染的控制、处理、修复及利用的文献资料,分析了河流底泥的污染现状及主要类型,包括重金属、NP营养物质、难降解有机物和持久性有毒污染物等,指出了目前在底泥污染修复中存在的问题。针对河流底泥污染控制与修复技术,介绍了除控制外源污染物外的物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等几种主要的修复方法和技术,分析了各种方法的利弊以及适用情况。在阐述了堆肥、建材利用、低温热解、湿地及栖息地建设、修复废弃地和建设填方等利用方式后,提出具体的控制和修复应因地制宜,综合各种恢复技术及利用方式,以达到控制及修复污染的河流底泥,恢复河流生态系统之目的。     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.     

Heavy metals and pesticides in anuran spawn and tadpoles,water, and sediment

High concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and of lindane were measured in the sediment and in the spawn and tadpoles of Bufo bufo, Rana dalmatina, and Rana ridibunda from two Austrian locations. Residues in spawn suggest maternal transfer. Increase of the metal concentrations from spawn to advanced tadpole stage is explained by the larval microphaguous feeding habits which cause high exposition of the tadpoles to substances concentrating in sediments and suspended particles. Metal and pesticide concentrations in spawn and tadpoles are toxic to various other aquatic organisms and are furthermore considered to be potentially hazardous to the anurans themselves. The results are conform with world‐wide observations of contamination of anuran larvae with heavy metals, and prove the significance of non‐point source chemical exposure due to allochthonous toxicant input by wind load and precipitation.     

Instream and offstream environmental conditions and stream biotic integrity: Importance of scale and site similarities for learning and prediction

Two different methods to predict biotic integrity were tested and compared in the present paper. The first one tries to predict the fish indices of biotic integrity (IBI) at the state or regional scale based on the most similar observations to a specific target site of interest using the simple to implement k-nearest neighbors (or kNN) method. Two different distance functions were considered to find the k-nearest neighbors: the Euclidean and the Mahalanobis. The second method was applied on the same datasets and consisted of a step-wise multiple regression. The two modeling approaches yielded similar results but kNN proved to be more time-efficient and very fast computationally for the given dataset sizes, which allowed applying a leave-one-out cross validation.In an attempt to reveal the importance of scale in the prediction of IBI, regression models were constructed at the state (or regional) scale and at the more refined cluster of sampling sites scale. Clusters of sites were extracted using Kohonen's self-organizing maps (SOM) followed by k-means clustering of the SOM neurons. Cluster-level regression models, constructed after site patterning, performed better in IBI prediction than global regression models constructed without any previous site patterning. The importance of identifying groups of sites with similar environmental characteristics affecting the IBI was revealed. The combined use of site patterning and regression modeling for IBI prediction also helped identifying important variables acting at the local scale which remain latent at the global scale.     

Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment

● Adsorption of PFASs on MPs and its mechanisms are critically reviewed. ● MPs could alter the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments. ● Combined toxicity of MPs and PFASs at organismal and molecular levels is discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are recognized as vectors for the transport of organic contaminants in aquatic environments in addition to their own adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely present in aquatic environments due to their widespread applications, and thus coexist with MPs. Therefore, we focus on the interaction of MPs and PFASs and related combined toxicity in aquatic environments in this work. The adsorption of PFASs on MPs is critically reviewed, and new mechanisms such as halogen bonding, π-π interaction, cation-π interactions, and micelle formation are proposed. Moreover, the effect of MPs on the transport and transformation of PFASs in aquatic environments is discussed. Based on four typical aquatic organisms (shellfish, Daphnia, algae, and fish), the toxicity of MPs and/or PFASs at the organismal or molecular levels is also evaluated and summarized. Finally, challenges and research perspectives are proposed, and the roles of the shapes and aging process of MPs on PFAS biogeochemical processes and toxicity, especially on PFAS substitutes, are recommended for further investigation. This review provides a better understanding of the interactions and toxic effects of coexisting MPs and PFASs in aquatic environments.     

Myths and assumptions about human-wildlife conflict and coexistence

Recent extinctions often resulted from humans retaliating against wildlife that threatened people's interests or were perceived to threaten current or future interests. Today's subfield of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence (HWCC) grew out of an original anthropocentric concern with such real or perceived threats and then, starting in the mid-1990s, with protecting valued species from people. Recent work in ethics and law has shifted priorities toward coexistence between people and wild animals. To spur scientific progress and more effective practice, we examined 4 widespread assumptions about HWCC that need to be tested rigorously: scientists are neutral and objective about HWCC; current participatory, consensus-based decisions provide just and fair means to overcome challenges in HWCC; wildlife threats to human interests are getting worse; and wildlife damage to human interests is additive to other sources of damage. The first 2 assumptions are clearly testable, but if they are entangled can become a wicked problem and may need debunking as myths if they cannot be disentangled. Some assumptions have seldom or never been tested and those that have been tested appear dubious, yet the use of the assumptions continues in the practice and scholarship of HWCC. We call for tests of assumptions and debunking of myths in the scholarship of HWCC. Adherence to the principles of scientific integrity and application of standards of evidence can help advance our call. We also call for practitioners and interest groups to improve the constitutive process prior to decision making about wildlife. We predict these steps will hasten scientific progress toward evidence-based interventions and improve the fairness, ethics, and legality of coexistence strategies.