Multiple linear regression models of urban runo pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-o pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runo coe cient. In this study, runo quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.     

Multiple linear regression models of urban runoff pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.     

Pollutant concentrations and pollution loads in stormwater runoff from different land uses in Chongqing

To investigate the distribution of pollutant concentrations and pollution loads in stormwater runoff in Chongqing,six typical land use types were selected and studied from August 2009 to September 2011.Statistical analysis on the distribution of pollutant concentrations in all water samples shows that pollutant concentrations fluctuate greatly in rainfall-runoff,and the concentrations of the same pollutant also vary greatly in different rainfall events.In addition,it indicates that the event mean concentrations (EMCs) of total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from urban traffic roads (UTR) are significantly higher than those from residential roads (RR),commercial areas (CA),concrete roofs (CR),tile roofs (TRoof),and campus catchment areas (CCA);and the EMCs of total phosphorus (TP) and NH3-N from UTR and CA are 2.35-5 and 3 times of the class-III standard values specified in the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002).The EMCs of Fe,Pb and Cd are also much higher than the class-III standard values.The analysis of pollution load producing coefficients (PLPC) reveals that the main pollution source of TSS,COD and TP is UTR.The analysis of correlations between rainfall factors and EMCs/PLPC indicates that rainfall duration is correlated with EMCs/PLPC of TSS for TRoof and TP for UTR,while rainfall intensity is correlated with EMCs/PLPC of TP for both CR and CCA.The results of this study provide a reference for better management of non-point source pollution in urban regions.     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

Monitoring of non-point source pollutants load from a mixed forest land use

The aim of this study was to determine the unit load of NPS (non-point source) pollutants including organic variables such as BOD (biochemical oxygen demand),COD (chemical oxygen demand) and DOC (dissolved organic carbon),nitrogen and phosphorus constituents,and suspended solids (SS) and their event mean concentration (EMC) of runoff flows from a water-shed of mixed forest land use by intensive field experiments.Field monitoring for continuous measurements of rainfall,flow,and water quality was conducted over 12 storm events during 2008–2009 using automated and manual sampling methods.The EMCs of individual runoff event were estimated for each water quality constituent based on the flow rate and concentration data of runoff discharge.The average EMCs of BOD,COD,DOC,SS,TN (total nitrogen),NH 4+ -N,NO 3- -N,TP (total phosphorus),PO 43- -P from the mixed forest land were 1.794,3.498,1.462,10.269,0.862,0.044,0.634,0.034,and 0.005 mg/L,respectively.The annual unit loads of BOD,COD,DOC,SS,TN,NH 4+ -N,NO 3- -N,TP and PO 43--P were estimated as 66.9,133.2,55.5,429.8,36.5,1.6,26.9,1.3 and 0.1 kg/(ha·yr),respectively.In addition,affecting parameters on the EMCs were investigated by statistic analysis of the field data.As a result,significant correlations with precipitation,rainfall intensity,and total runoff flows were found in most constituents.     

Predicting the impacts of climate change on nonpoint source pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed using artificial neural network

This study described the development and validation of an artificial neural network (ANN) for the purpose of analyzing the e ects of climate change on nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed. The runo discharge was estimated using ANN algorithm. The performance of ANN model was examined using observed data from study watershed. The simulation results agreed well with observed values during calibration and validation periods. NPS pollutant loads were calculated from load-discharge relationship driven by long-term monitoring data. LARS-WG (Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator) model was used to generate rainfall data. The calibrated ANN model and load-discharge relationship with the generated data from LARS-WG were applied to analyze the e ects of climate change on NPS pollutant loads from the agricultural small watershed. The results showed that the ANN model provided valuable approach in estimating future runo discharge, and the NPS pollutant loads.     

重庆市不同材质屋面径流水质特性

2010年雨季对重庆市6场降雨时段的屋面径流进行采样监测,分析了水泥屋面和瓦屋面径流污染物的出流过程和初始冲刷现象,并且运用多元统计方法分析了降雨特征对径流水质的影响.结果表明:2种材质屋面径流水质参数中CODCr和TN的次降雨平均浓度(EMC,以ρ计)均超出GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅴ类标准,为屋面径流主要污染物.水泥屋面的CODCr、TN、NO3--N、TSS、Cu和Zn的EMC明显高于瓦屋面,分别高出1.63、1.57、1.15、1.70、1.50和1.88倍.在水泥屋面上,ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(TSS)变化幅度大于瓦屋面,并且其峰值滞后或同步于最大雨强;在瓦屋面上,ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(TSS)的峰值提前或同步于最大雨强.瓦屋面各污染物FF30(初期30%径流携带的污染负荷)的平均值均高于水泥屋面;水泥屋面各污染物(除Zn和Cd外)FF30的标准差均高于瓦屋面.各污染物的EMC与降雨量、平均雨强、径流量和最大雨强呈负相关;溶解态重金属的EMC与前期晴天数呈负相关,其余指标均与前期晴天数呈正相关.      

沂蒙山区典型小流域降雨径流的磷素输出特征

以沂蒙山区孟良崮小流域为研究对象,通过监测2010年自然降雨条件下流域出口污染物的流失状况,选取降雨量>2mm的10场降雨,分析降雨径流特征对磷素流失的影响.结果表明,次降雨径流中总磷(TP)、颗粒态全磷(PP)、水溶性全磷(DP)、水溶性无机磷(DIP)浓度变化与流量变化过程不一致,浓度峰值均出现于流量峰值之前,而磷素通量与流量变化过程较为一致,且两者呈较好的线性关系;次降雨径流TP、PP、DP、DIP的浓度最大值及平均浓度(EMCs)差异均较大,其主要受降雨量、最大雨强和平均雨强影响,与降雨历时无显著相关关系,而浓度最小值差异较小;TP以PP流失为主,DP以DIP流失为主,DIP/DP的动态变化与降雨历时、降雨量、最大雨强和平均雨强均无显著相关关系,而PP/TP的动态变化与最大雨强显著相关.DIP、DP、TP的输出受地表径流(DR)和基流(BF)的影响较大,DIP/DP的动态变化及DIP、DP、TP的EMCs与DR/TR(地表径流/总径流量)存在多项式关系,而PP/TP的动态变化和PP的EMCs受DR/TR影响较小.     

城市径流污染负荷动态更新研究

实现城市径流污染负荷动态更新是城市非点源污染有效控制的重要前提.在采用事件平均浓度估算方法的基础上,引入面积和降雨量更新因子,估算北京市2009-2012年街道路面和园林绿地COD、TN、TP、氨氮排放量.结果显示,随着面积和降雨量的增加,北京市城市径流污染物排放量总体呈增加趋势.     

河流水质模拟及污染源归因分析

针对大连市登沙河流域水环境质量问题,采用输出系数法估算流域内工业点源、农村生活、畜禽养殖、农业种植的氨氮和总磷入河污染负荷,基于QUAL2K水质模型模拟污染物的迁移转化规律,解析各污染源在不同时、空尺度下对河流中、下游水质考核断面的污染负荷贡献.结果表明：畜禽养殖是研究区氨氮污染的主要来源,分别占中游和下游断面氨氮总负荷的56.5%和43.2%;农业种植是总磷污染的主要来源,分别占中游和下游断面总磷总负荷的50.4%和59.1%.此外,由于天然降水及人类活动的季节性特征,各污染源的负荷贡献亦呈现年内变化.基于以上分析,进一步因地制宜地提出研究区水环境治理措施建议,研究可为我国农村地区中小河流水质改善及水环境管理提供示范参考和决策依据.     

上海市城区非渗透性地面径流的污染特性研究

通过2003～2005年连续3 a对上海市城区非渗透性地表径流的采样与检测,获得了19个采样点56组径流水样污染物（COD、BOD₅、SS、NH⁺₄-N、TP、TN）浓度随降雨历时的变化过程线.据此分析了径流污染物浓度的变化规律及其与降雨特性之间的关系,计算了地表径流水质的事件平均浓度,分析了事件平均浓度的分布规律及其与降雨特性参数之间的相关关系.研究表明,上海市区非渗透性地面径流事件平均浓度中值（mg/L）为：COD 205,BOD₅ 68,SS 185,NH⁺₄-N 3.14,TP 0.40,TN 7.23,大大高于法国巴黎同类研究的结果;BOD₅与COD的比值约为0.37,明显高于发达国家相关监测的结果.结果表明,上海市城区地表径流污染严重,即使实现了理想的分流制也难以控制面源污染对城市水环境的危害.     

长三角典型村域次降雨条件下氮素非点源输出特征

研究长三角典型都市农业村镇不同土地利用下的氮素非点源输出特征,以期为治理该区域的面源污染提供科学依据.通过典型次降雨径流事件中氮形态和输出负荷变化的研究发现:监测点总氮(TN)的事件平均浓度(EMC)为20.01～22.83mg/L,其中溶解态氮(DN)占TN的比例最大;研究区非点源氮流失以溶解态为主,DN又以溶解态有机氮(DON)为主.耦合各形态氮浓度与径流量特征,发现非点源氮素输出呈现2个峰值,且出现在径流峰值之前4～55min;TN、DN和硝态氮(NO3--N)浓度随降雨时间增加呈现减少趋势;氮素负荷受其浓度和径流量的共同作用,基本上呈现与氮素浓度相同的变化特征,但起伏变化较为平缓.氮素污染负荷积累曲线分析表明,村域地表径流各形态氮素均存在初期冲刷效应.     

北京市中心城区屋面径流污染特征及来源分析

以北京市中心城区屋面径流为研究对象,对2019年6～9月期间7场降雨事件中屋面径流及附近降雨水质情况开展监测,分析了屋面径流及降雨水质特征、径流初始冲刷效应、径流污染物浓度影响因素及其来源特征.结果表明,北京市中心城区屋面径流中总氮、氨氮、化学需氧量和悬浮物污染较为严重,降雨事件径流平均浓度(EMC)均超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅴ类标准限值[悬浮物超过《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)二级排放标准];降雨水质相对较好,但氨氮和总氮也存在超标情况.屋面径流中各污染物初始冲刷强度以中等和微弱为主,由大到小排序依次为：氨氮>悬浮物>化学需氧量>总氮>汞>锌>总磷>铅.屋面径流中悬浮物、化学需氧量、总磷浓度水平与干燥期长度呈显著正相关,与降雨强度呈显著负相关.结合主成分分析结果可知,降雨中的主要污染物为交通运输来源的氮类污染物,屋面径流中的主要污染物则为屋面材料老化和金属雨落管锈蚀释放的悬浮物、有机物和磷类污染物.     

城市入河径流排放口总污染特征研究

流入城市雨源性河流的径流污染不容忽视,以我国南方典型城市深圳市的福田河流域为研究对象,经过18场典型降雨径流的测定,从污染过程线、径流初期效应识别和降雨事件平均浓度(EMC)等方面分析和讨论了城市河流入河径流排放口的总污染特征规律,有利于指导城市河流污染控制.结果表明,排放口地表径流浓度随时间变化历程中,COD、SS、TN、TP和BOD5普遍超出地表Ⅴ类水标准十多倍以上,某典型降雨场次的重金属(铬、镉、铜、砷和汞)污染较为严重,研究区排放口的浓度范围和平均值均高于重庆沙坪坝雨水口和加拿大Silerwood的雨水排放口,但低于武汉十里铺排放口.COD、SS、BOD5的初期效应尤为明显并且COD和SS冲刷强度较大,TN、TP初期效应不明显.COD、SS、TN、TP和BOD5的EMC浓度平均值分别为224.14、571.15、5.223、2.04、143.5 mg/L,在某种程度上,深圳市研究点的COD和SS的EMC值高于邻近的澳门、珠海,TN、TP值高于北京、广州、上海等城市,与国外的一些研究结果相比较,EMC值比韩国、美国及加拿大一些城市地表径流污染物浓度高得多,可见由排放口入河的径流总污染极其严重并需要治理.     

西安市某文教区典型下垫面径流污染特征

在西安市某文教区路面、屋面和绿地设置径流采样点,采用人工时间间隔采样法对2016年8月~2017年2月的3场降雨径流和2场融雪径流全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、TN、TP、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Cr、PAHs、溶解态COD、溶解态重金属和溶解态PAHs的浓度以及颗粒物粒径d₅₀,研究各下垫面降雨径流污染水平及出流规律,比较不同下垫面降雨径流和融雪径流污染特征.结果表明,各类下垫面降雨径流主要污染物均为SS、COD、TN、Pb、Cr,路面和绿地径流中SS的EMCs均超过《污水综合排放标准》二级标准,3类下垫面降雨径流COD、TN、Pb、Cr的EMCs均超出《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准,PAHs与国内相关研究相比属于中等污染水平,路面、屋面和绿地径流的EMC分别为266.8~389.8ng/L、254.9~303.0ng/L和231.2ng/L.路面径流SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs浓度高于屋面径流,而TN、TP、Cr等指标则相反,表明径流中TN、TP、Cr主要源于大气干湿沉降,而交通排污对SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs等有较大输入贡献.3类下垫面降雨径流污染浓度输出规律差异显著,路面径流污染物初期浓度较大,受雨期交通排污影响中后段波动剧烈,屋面径流污染物浓度随径流历时持续降低且趋于稳定,绿地径流污染物浓度沿程变化相对较小.降雨强度对总量污染物浓度输出的影响大于溶解态污染物,表现为d₅₀与降雨强度呈现良好的相关性.因降雪期间污染物持续累积且径流量较小,路面融雪径流污染物浓度远大于降雨径流,而屋面融雪径流因流量较小导致携带污染物的能力较弱故水质优于降雨径流.     

Two alternative modes for di use pollution control in Wuhan City Zoo

Pollution in urban zoos arises from diffuse and small point sources. However, its control has received little attention in past decades. Online and ofttine modes of ecological engineering technology were designed to control pollution from small point and diffuse sources in Wuhan City Zoo, China. Their characteristics and performances were investigated in sixteen runoff events from 2003 to 2005. The results showed that the two modes both improved runoff water quality and had high retention rates for water and pollutants. In the outflows, the event mean concentrations （EMCs） of total suspended solids （TSS）, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） were reduced by 88%, 59%, 46% and 71% for the online mode, and those were 77%, 42%, 50% and 66% for the ofttine mode. The annual retention rates of pollutant loads for the online mode were 94.9%-98.5% in the three study years; those for the ofitine mode were 70.5%-86.4%. Based on calculation, the online mode was able to store the runoff of 66.7 mm rainfall completely, and the ofttine mode could store that of 31.3 mm rainfall. In addition, the online mode can provide an effective way for rainwater utilization and good habitats for aquatic wildlives, and has an excellent aesthetics value for recreationsal pastimes. The ofiline mode can save land resources and may be an effective and economical measure for diffuse pollution control in urban areas.     

广州番禺区不同地类的非点源污染排放特征

在广州番禺区建设代表城市、农田、村镇、园地4类典型集水区的径流试验小区,对每个径流小区采集3场有效降雨径流以研究不同土地利用类型的非点源污染负荷输出特征。结果表明,不同土地利用类型的污染物输出浓度差别较大,TSS和COD输出浓度(EMC值)的大小排列顺序为园地>农田>村镇>城市;NH3--N为农田>城市>园地>村镇;NO3--N为城市>农田>村镇>园地;TN为农田>城市>园地>村镇;TP为农田>园地>城市>村镇。对于农田集水区,TSS和COD的输出明显受降雨的影响,而N、P污染物的输出受施肥的影响更为显著;对于城市集水区,晴天累积污染物的数量和降雨情况是决定初期径流中污染负荷的主要因素。污染负荷与径流量之间相关性显著,且颗粒物是携带污染物的重要载体。各径流小区的初始冲刷效应分析结果显示,不透水地面更易发生降雨初期冲刷;降雨强度是影响降雨径流初始冲刷的关键因素。     

次降雨过程中不同土地利用配置对径流中氮流失的影响

为了解天然次降雨过程中土地利用配置对径流氮流失的影响,本研究以重庆市忠县石盘丘小流域两个不同土地利用配置的A、B子集水区为研究对象,对集水区出口径流量和氮素进行监测.A集水区为农林水复合配置模式,B集水区为传统农业配置模式,利用EMC评估次降雨过程径流中氮的平均浓度,分析次降雨过程中不同土地利用配置对径流氮素的影响.结果表明,在次降雨径流氮流失过程中,B集水区的TN浓度（1.37~15.17 mg·L^-1）>A集水区（0.84~9.28 mg·L^-1）;A集水区第一次峰值占第二次峰值的比值62%远小于B集水区的97%;A集水区的平均可溶性总氮/总氮（DN/TN）为69%,B集水区的平均可溶性总氮/总氮（DN/TN）为75%,A集水区的平均硝态氮/可溶性总氮（NN/DN）为67%,B集水区的平均硝态氮/可溶性总氮（NN/DN）为80%.不同土地利用配置对氮流失的影响显著,与B集水区相比,A集水区能有效减少氮的流失,明显消减第一次TN峰值,减少DN和NN的养分占比.本研究为三峡库区小流域面源污染防控提供了科学依据.     

城市不同材料屋面径流的污染负荷特性

分析不同材料屋面径流污染负荷特性,对于提高城市面源污染负荷估算精度和确定初期径流截流比具有重要意义.以扬州市为研究区域,通过对小青瓦屋面、水泥瓦屋面和混凝土屋面这3种屋面进行降雨径流监测,比较不同材料屋面径流污染物浓度、冲刷规律以及初期冲刷效应.结果表明暴雨事件中,小青瓦屋面径流中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数和总悬浮物(TSS)的事件平均浓度(event mean concentration,EMC)约为水泥瓦屋面的4～9倍;小青瓦屋面径流污染物浓度变化受雨强影响程度大于水泥瓦屋面,其中TP和TSS的浓度变化趋势和雨强变化趋势的Pearson相关系数r分别为0. 853和0. 822;各材料屋面的初期冲刷强度呈水泥瓦屋面混凝土屋面小青瓦屋面,分别截流3种屋面初期径流的31. 5%、58. 0%和60. 4%,可以完成削减60. 0%的屋面径流污染负荷量的目标.如果未具体区分瓦屋面材料,用水泥瓦屋面径流污染物的EMC估算古建筑聚集区的屋面污染负荷量,将严重低估暴雨事件中TN、TP、TSS和高锰酸盐指数的实际排放量,表明精细化区分屋面材料对提高城市面源负荷估算精度具有重要意义.     

南宁市老城区降雨径流溯源及污染特征分析

降雨径流是城市河道污染的重要来源之一.为了解降雨径流的污染特征,对南宁市老城区进行降雨径流同步采样监测,分析不同降雨条件下不同下垫面污染状况、初期冲刷效应及污染贡献比等特征,探讨了径流污染初期冲刷计算方法及影响因素分析,并根据老城区菜市场下垫面讨论降雨径流下垫面选取标准与必要性.结果表明,南宁市老城区径流污染中,道路及...