风险定义在本体论中的地位

风险定义对风险管理研究的发展具有重要意义。本文通过研究风险定义发展历程,结合哲学本体论视角,通过风险概念连续统一体来摆脱本体论风险观中二元困境,同时借助时间角度关联认识风险定义,从而更好论述和理解风险定义在本体论中的地位。提出识别风险定义本身和风险描述的差异在风险管理中的必要性。     

风险沟通研究进展综述

首先简述了风险沟通研究的社会背景,按照风险沟通研究进程中的重大社会事件和学术事件,将风险沟通的研究划分成三个阶段即研究准备阶段、研究兴起阶段和研究发展阶段.其次,论述了风险沟通研究热点领域的变化,分析了风险沟通研究对象的多元性和多层次性,探讨了单向风险沟通和双向风险沟通的沟通模式转变及其由"告知"到"授权"的功能演进.最后,从风险感知、风险沟通功能、风险沟通目的、风险沟通时间阶段等多个角度阐明了风险沟通的分类.通过对风险沟通研究进展的综述,试图厘清风险沟通研究与风险认识论研究的关系.     

城市化进程中环境风险评价的一些问题探讨

21世纪城市化过程改变了原来的生态系统 ,存在着潜在的风险。特别是近年来的多种环境风险灾害事故的发生已引起了各国和国际组织的普遍关注。我国“十六大”提出加快城镇化进程 ,是全面建设小康社会的重要内容。笔者结合目前环境风险评价的发展 ,将环境风险评价划分为非突发性风险评价和突发性风险评价两大类 ,对两类风险评价的概念、内容进行了分析阐述 ,探讨了有关两大类环境风险评价以及环境风险评价与安全评价的区别、环境风险评价评估标准以及在加强城市生态环境建设重建中开展环境风险评价的重要意义     

工业事故风险评价模型

对风险的概念和度量进行了探讨，在总结和回顾风险评价方法的基础上，提出了适合工业事故的风险评价模型。     

危险废物风险评价与管理

从危险废物风险评价的基本含义人手,在讨论了危险废物风险评价应遵循的原则和评价依据基础上,就危险废物风险评价方法、评价内容和评价程序等内容进行了探讨。在参考相关参数和模型的基础上重点论述了危险废物风险评价参数的选择和模型。最后提到了危险废物风险评价的管理,提出了一种风险管理体系。     

智能管道时代的管道风险评价技术展望

当前管道风险评价工作普遍使用半定量方法,通过对该方法的应用现状进行总结分析,得出目前半定量风险评价方法存在的问题,包括录入数据准确性不足、评价结果准确性不高,时效性不强等。通过分析物联网、智能移动终端、云技术、大数据等技术开始在管道的应用前景,展望了智能管道时代管道风险评价发展方向:实现管道风险评价实时动态评价,提高风险评价结果的准确性,实现风险的预测预警等,为未来管道风险评价技术发展提供研究思路。     

化工过程定量风险评价进展及风险准则比较分析

为了研究化工过程定量风险评价进展以及对风险准则进行比较分析,通过梳理定量风险评价的发展历程,从方法来源、法律法规进展以及软件技术发展3个方面,逐一分析各国的发展情况,并结合英国、荷兰、美国与中国个人和社会可接受风险准则的比较结果,分析各国风险准则的异同。此外,阐述了德国和日本化工过程安全控制的准则内容。结果表明:我国定量风险评价技术起步相对较晚,但实施导则、风险准则的制定以及评价软件的开发,标志着我国定量风险评价方法理论体系的发展较为完备。     

环境风险评价内涵与外延研究

在简要介绍环境风险评价(Environmental Risk Assessment,ERA)发展历程的基础上,总结现阶段国内外普遍采用的ERA定义,深入分析ERA的内涵和类型,在重新给出涵盖性更全面的ERA定义的同时,对3种评价内容的评价程序和评价方法进行了横向比较。收集整理了ERA的研究进展和应用现状,从时间、范畴和应用范围3个方面划定了ERA的外延。     

环境风险评价的现状问题及建议初探

在介绍环境风险评价发展概况的基础上,简要探讨了环境风险评价存在的问题,包括环境风险评价与安全评价在技术方法上协调不足,环境风险评价与环境风险评估衔接不够到位,环境风险评价方法体系与国外尚存在差距,部分环境风险防范措施的标准指导有待完善。针对以上问题,建议不同职能部门加强沟通和合作,推动环境风险评价、安全评价技术标准和手段更好地统一;将环境风险评价和环境风险评估有效衔接或合并;加强相关基础研究和数据积累工作;在相关技术导则或评估指南中明确事故应急池等环境风险防范措施的设置依据。     

我国天然气风险及评价方法分析

为有效促进天然气行业朝着更加安全的方向发展,对天然气风险及其相关的风险评价方法进行深入分析,总结出我国天然气开采、运输及使用过程中的输送管道风险、液化天然气风险、输气站场风险、勘探开发风险、钻井工程风险和地下储气库风险,并归纳出这六大类风险相对应的风险评价研究内容、产生风险的原因、风险评价方法等。可以看出,我国天然气的风险评价主要集中在管道风险评价方面,且缺乏系统、详细的统计资料,因此,急需建立相应的数据库,采用多种评价方法相结合,开发天然气风险评价软件和探寻有效的应急救援措施,以利于我国天然气风险管理。     

风险管理研究的方法论

根据风险管理兼具自然科学与社会科学特性,阐述了风险管理研究的方法论基础,提出了风险管理研究的方法系统。在此基础上,建立 了涵盖专业维、技术维、逻辑维、理论维、时间维的风险管理研究多维方法论结构体系。归纳了风险管理常用的研究方法,并按方法的层次进 行归类。根据方法系统和方法论的结构体系总结了风险管理研究的一般程序。研究结果在风险管理研究中对减少乃至避免无意义或重复工作具 有重要的指导作用。     

HSE管理中的风险分析方法——以中油国际委内瑞拉公司HSE管理经验为例

HSE管理的出发点应是预防为主。因此尽早识别风险、评估可能的风险是HSE管理的关键。风险分析最重要的是要承认：石油勘探开发活动不可能绝对安全，风险总是客观存在的。风险分析就是尽早识别、分析和评估可能的风险所在、大小和频率。风险管理就是在风险分析的基础上，采取有针对性地措施将风险消减到可接受的水平。本文在总结近年国内外HSE管理中风险分析方法的基础上，结合CNPC在委内瑞拉运行石油项目的经验，提出了一套风险分析的定性和定量方法，包括系统风险分析、节点风险分析、概率统计分析等。由于大力推广和应用这些方法，使CNPC在委内瑞拉运行石油项目9年来没有发生任何HSE大事故，被委内瑞拉国家石油公司誉为“国际石油投资者HSE工作的典范”。     

Quantitative assessment of environmental risk due to accidental spills from onshore pipelines

The transport of hazardous materials by pipeline is widely used for the transfer of significant quantities of oil and chemicals. Due to the extremely low frequency of spills, pipelines are considered the safest mode for the land transportation of hazardous substances. Accident records, while confirming that Loss of Containment (LOC) events are rare, also point out the major-accident hazard of pipelines, due to the extremely severe potential consequences of spills. Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) techniques have been applied to pipelines since many years with the aim of evaluating risk for workers or exposed population. However, releases of liquids, as oil and oil products, also create an hazard to the environment, due to the potential of extensive soil and groundwater contamination. An integrated model was developed for the environmental Risk Analysis of spills from pipelines. Specific environmental risk indexes were defined, expressing the risk of soil and groundwater contamination, both in physical and economic terms. A case-study is presented and discussed to illustrate the features of the methodology. The results confirmed that the proposed model may be considered an important tool within a comprehensive approach to the management of risk related to onshore pipelines.     

欧盟城市饮用水供应链风险管理与评价及其借鉴

结合欧盟2006年起开展的TECHNEAU(Technology Enabled Universal Access to Safe Water)项目,介绍了欧盟城市"从水源到用户的饮用水供应链"风险管理机制,以及"风险识别、评估、减缓和控制"综合风险评价框架;并从水源地、水处理系统、配水系统、历史风险事件、风险评价方法、评价结果6方面比较了捷克、德国、荷兰、挪威、瑞典5个国家典型城市风险评价实践,着重分析了瑞典哥特堡市风险评价中采用的综合概率故障树法和客户损失时间指数方法及其应用价值。总结了欧盟饮用水供应链的风险管理在全过程管理策略、"关口前移"管理方针、多样性的风险评价方法与技术、参与主体多元化、评价结果公开透明5个方面的成功做法和经验,可供国内参考。     

Inherent risk assessment—A new concept to evaluate risk in preliminary design stage

Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) has been a very popular and useful methodology which is widely accepted by the industry over the past few decades. QRA is typically carried out at a stage where complete plant has been designed and sited. At that time, the opportunity to include inherent safety design features is limited and may incur higher cost. This paper proposes a new concept to evaluate risk inherent to a process owing to the chemical it uses and the process conditions. The risk assessment tool is integrated with process design simulator (HYSYS) to provide necessary process data as early as the initial design stages, where modifications based on inherent safety principles can still be incorporated to enhance the process safety of the plant. The risk assessment tool consists of two components which calculate the probability and the consequences relating to possible risk due to major accidents. A case study on the potential explosion due to the release of flammable material demonstrates that the tool is capable to identify potential high risk of process streams. Further improvement of the process design is possible by applying inherent safety principles to make the process under consideration inherently safer. Since this tool is fully integrated with HYSYS, re-evaluation of the inherent risk takes very little time and effort. The new tool addresses the lack of systematic methodology and technology, which is one of the barriers to designing inherently safer plants.     

Fire risk management system for safe operation of large atmospheric storage tanks

This paper has been prepared by its authors to show the benefits coming from the application of the fire risk assessment methodology prepared by the “LastFire^© Project” group of experts. Now a days this methodology seems to be very effective to face the fire risk connected with large atmospheric storage tanks. It has been developed during the period 1997–2005 the HSE & operations experts from experts 16 worldwide operating oil companies. The authors, by “ad hoc” created software package, show the benefit coming from the applications of the LastFire^© methodology and how, from this, using the methodology and the supporting tad, realize a coherent fire strategy in the form of a Fire Risk Management System. Same workflow could also be extended to the issues connected with other problems related with large atmospheric tanks storing hydrocarbons, such as environmental impact by soil pollution, to create a common frame walk of assessment not can be shared with authorities as well. The proposed methodology, moving from the original project, sets as an effective “Fire Hazard Management Approach” in line with the most recent trends (even enforced by the regulations) shared at international levels, that propose the integration of risk assessment with prevention and protection measures selection based on achieved risk reduction, costs, time needed, etc.     

A new methodology for risk evaluation taking into account the whole life cycle (LCRA): Validation with case study

The life cycle of a product is generally characterized by the main following stages: raw materials acquisition, manufacturing, processing and formulation, distribution and transportation, use, re-use, maintenance, recycle and waste management. As regards the process, the following stages are usually distinguished: raw materials acquisition, process manufacture, use and dismantling at the end of the lifetime. Considering the life cycle concept in a risk analysis approach requires the adjustment of the classic risk analysis methodology. In order to build up this new methodology called LCRA (Life Cycle Risk Assessment), we relied on the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) methodology, which allows the assessment of the potential environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a system. Once these adjustments made, this new methodology LCRA is explained and applied to two energy pathways (or life cycles): hydrogen (produced from the biomass) and gasoline pathways.     

工程系统的安全分析与风险管理

安全性是许多工程系统设计、研制和运行时要考虑的一项重要内容,其中安全分析和风险管理是两项主要的工作。在基于事故场景的安全性模型的基础上。研究了工程系统的安全分析和风险管理技术方法,提出了进行安全分析和风险管理的工作流程。     

Interactions of risk analysis and contingency planning in risk management

Risk management entails knowledge of the risk and how best to reduce it; its objective is to minimize losses arising from existing or potential risk. With effective contingency planning, risk analysis and its corollary, consequence analysis, can contribute synergistically to improved risk management. Until recently, risk analysis and contingency or emergency response planning were considered distinct disciplines with little interactive potential. Fortunately, industry now recognizes that linking the two can help ensure public safety as well as preserve the financial integrity of plant owners. Both areas are receiving increased and well-deserved attention; several incidents in recent years have demonstrated that losses could have been greatly reduced if better precautions and procedures had been in place as a result of risk analysis and contingency planning.     

装备使用风险管理模型研究

在军事行动中,使用了大量复杂的装备系统,存在相当多的风险因素。如果对其中的风险因素管理不善,风险转化为事故,将造成极大的损失,严重影响部队的战斗力。装备使用风险管理是针对这一问题提出的概念。装备使用风险管理是在提高绩效和最大化作战能力时,用来识别、评估和控制风险的一个逻辑化的决策过程。本文通过分析装备使用风险管理的系统模型——"人-装备-环境-管理-任务"之间的关系及相互作用,并且详细的说明了装备使用风险管理的过程,危险识别、风险评估、分析风险控制、风险控制决策、实施风险控制、监督与评审等六个步骤的过程模型,探讨了风险管理的实施,并且认为风险管理过程的目标就是达到5M模型的最优化。为部队实施风险管理提供参考。