等离子体净化TCB影响参数实验

等离子体对污染物拥有高效破坏能力。利用自行设计的脉冲放电实验平台,用1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)模拟二噁英,考察等离子体体系的运行参数,如电源电压、频率、TCB浓度、流量、O_2含量、水分含量对净化TCB的影响。电压和频率增大,输入功率增加,TCB去除率增加;在10～90 mg/m~3浓度内,初始浓度增加,TCB去除率先增加后降低;气体流量所反映的停留时间,在低频率时去除率随停留时间增加而增加,高放电频率时停留时间对TCB去除率影响较小。     

低温等离子体与絮凝剂处理印染废水的协同效应

采用低温等离子体和絮凝剂协同处理印染废水.结果表明,染料废水脱色率和COD去除率随输入电压增大和放电时间延长而增加;电极间距、废水初始浓度、通入空气流量等因素对印染废水处理效果也有很大影响;气相中放电效果优于液相中放电,阳极电极在液面以上8mm左右时放电效果最好,在其他条件不变情况下随废水初始浓度和通入空气流量增大废水脱色和COD脱除率先增大再减小,有一最佳峰值.印染废水先经过等离子体处理后再加入絮凝剂处理效果优于先加絮凝剂后放电、仅有等离子体放电的过程.在本实验中初始浓度200mg/L(CODCr初始值572)印染废水在外加电压40kV、放电时间20min、电极间距8mm、通入空气流量16L/h条件下,与絮凝剂PAC相互协同作用可达到96%脱色率、63%COD去除率.     

多针-水膜电极电晕放电脱硫研究

采用不锈钢多针作为高压电极系统,水膜为低压电极.负直流高压电源供电,含二氧化硫(SO2)的污染气体从高压电极系统的轴向进入,沿着电晕放电电场从水膜上方通过,在电晕放电等离子体和水吸收共同作用下,生成硫酸使SO2得到脱除.主要研究了放电电压、气体中SO2初始浓度和气体在电极系统的停留时间对脱硫效果的影响,并测试了水中SO32-和SI42-离子浓度,分析SO2脱除机制.结果表明,电晕放电和水吸收对SO2脱除具有很好的协同作用,脱硫效果明显升高,SO2转变生成硫酸量的体积分数提高;脱硫效果随电压增加和停留时间的增加而增加,初始浓度对脱硫效果有影响.当SO2初始浓度(体积分数)为430×10-6,施加电压为14.5 kV,停留时间为7.5 s时,脱硫效率达90%以上.     

低温等离子体处理恶臭废气研究

用低温等离子处理恶臭气是一门新兴的技术。通过对典型的恶臭物质硫化氢、乙硫醇、苯、甲苯等恶臭物质的低温等离子脱除试验,结果表明:采用电晕放电形式的低温等离子体处理恶臭废气是可行的,停留时间越长、电压越高脱除效果越好,当停留时间>9s,电压>20kV时恶臭物质的去除率基本>90%,进一步延长停留时间和升高电压,去除效率并不会大幅度提高。低浓度的烷烃背景气体对恶臭的脱除效率基本无影响,高浓度的烷烃背景气体使恶臭物的脱除效率下降,较高浓度氢气的存在也会降低恶臭物的脱除效率,而氧气浓度的提高可以显著提高硫化氢脱除率。     

电晕放电等离子体技术处理水中四环素的研究

采用电晕放电等离子体技术降解水中的四环素,研究了在反应体系中,初始浓度、输入功率、电极间距、空气流量及初始pH对四环素去除效率的影响.同时,还对四环素在降解过程中不同时段的COD、TOC和B/C变化进行了研究,并对其降解产物进行了分析和讨论.实验结果表明:电晕放电等离子体对水中四环素具有较好的去除效果,在四环素初始浓度为200 mg·L-1、pH=2.47、初始电导率为1.50 mS·m-1、空气流量为0.06 m3·h-1、电极间距为4 mm、输入功率为45.0 W的条件下,反应20 min后,四环素的去除率可达到99.1%,COD去除率可达31.2%,TOC去除率可达80%左右,其B/C比提高为0.30,有效地改善了废水的可生化性.     

介质阻挡放电脱除H2S影响因素研究

恶臭污染物的危害已引起世界各国的广泛关注.选取恶臭污染物的典型代表硫化氢(H2S)气体,采用介质阻挡放电低温等离子体反应器在常温常压下对H2S气体进行去除,考察了在高频放电条件下,H2S去除率与放电电压、频率、浓度、停留时阃、湿度、和放电间隙、占空比的关系.实验结果表明,较高的放电电压、较长的停留时间、较大的放电间隙有利于提高H2S去除,合适的湿度、放电频率、脉冲调制有利于提高反应器的效率.反应器参数与电源的有效匹配对于提高H2S去除率及节能降耗十分重要.     

介质阻挡放电去除NO的实验研究

设计了一套高压电源和同轴圆柱 -筒介质阻挡放电反应器装置 ,进行了冷等离子体去除NO的实验研究 ,结果表明该方法是有效的 .研究了气体流量、NO初始浓度、放电电压、O2 含量以及中心电极尺寸对NO去除效率的影响 .当流量较小或NO初始浓度较低时 ,有较高的去除率 ;流量变大和NO初始浓度增加时 ,NO的去除率将下降 .放电电压升高 ,NO去除率将增大 .O2 的存在会降低NO的去除率 .放电管其它特征尺寸给定条件下 ,中心电极存在一个最佳直径 ,使得NO的去除效果最为理想 .     

介质阻挡放电-微曝气降解苯酚影响因素的研究

以苯酚模拟有机废水,采用介质阻挡放电等离子体-微曝气对苯酚废水进行实验研究,并采用响应面分析法对苯酚降解影响因素:苯酚初始浓度、放电电压、气体流量及处理时间等进行优化。实验结果表明:苯酚初始浓度为40.41 mg/L,气体流量为150.38 m L/min,放电电压为34.71 k V,处理时间为29.71 min,苯酚降解率达到最高值74.21%。     

流光放电等离子体污水消毒灭菌

采用流光放电等离子体技术,研究放电电压、大肠杆菌初始浓度、反应器类型对大肠杆菌灭杀的影响,并将流光放电等离子体与臭氧灭菌进行效果对比。结果表明:当在水槽装置中,处理温度为室温,大肠杆菌初始浓度为480 000个/L,放电时间为45 min,水样体积V=50 L,气量Q=8 m3/h,放电电压为30 k V,电流I=11 m A时大肠杆菌的去除率达到99%。流光放电等离子体与臭氧去除污水中大肠杆菌的能力都较强,与臭氧灭菌相,比流光放电等离子体杀菌经济成本低廉许多。     

填料吸附-等离子体氧化协同处理苯酚废水

采用低温等离子体协同填料吸附净化苯酚废水。实验结果表明:COD去除率随放电时间延长而增大,随电压的增大COD去除率先增加后略有下降;随原水初始p H值和曝气量的增加COD去除率呈现先增加后减小的趋势。多孔陶瓷、陶粒、4A分子筛、陶瓷拉西环4种填料对苯酚废水COD去除率均有促进效果,但4A分子筛吸附净化效果最佳。实验表明在低温等离子体协同4A分子筛条件下,苯酚废水净化效果明显高于单独采用填料或低温等离子体处理。正交实验结果表明影响COD去除率因素的顺序为放电时间>放电电压>废水p H值>4A分子筛装填量。在放电时间为130 min,电压为35 k V,废水初始p H值为5.5,4A分子筛投加量为200 g的最佳条件下,COD去除率达到最大,为90.28%。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.