风向对北京市重污染日PM_(2.5)浓度分布影响研究

对2013年北京市58 d重污染日PM_(2.5)浓度水平进行了分析,并用克里格插值法统计了重污染期间不同风向PM_(2.5)不同浓度区间的国土面积。结果显示2013年北京市重污染日主要集中在冬季,占到全年天数的15.9%,且重污染日PM_(2.5)平均浓度为218μg/m3;重污染日PM_(2.5)空间分布较为均匀且统计的平均浓度在150μg/m3以上的国土面积约占总面积的82%;重污染期间重度污染(150μg/m3)以上面积占比分别为南风(87%)、东风(81%)、西风(70%)、北风(66%);重污染日不同风向下ρ(NO_3~-)、ρ(NH_4~+)、ρ(SO_4~(2-))之和约占ρ(PM~(2.5))的60%~65%,且各组分浓度相差不大。     

2000~2014年北京市SO2时空分布及一次污染过程分析

根据2000~2014年北京市SO2监测数据,系统分析了SO2时空分布特征并采用数值模式(CAMx)模拟分析了一次重污染过程中北京市SO2来源.结果表明,2014年与2000年相比北京市SO2年均浓度累计约降低69%,SO2年均浓度的变化率为-3.5μg·(m3·a)-1;北京市SO2的月均浓度呈U型分布,季节分布上整体呈现出冬季春季秋季夏季的特征,采暖季SO2浓度明显高于非采暖季;空间分布上北部及西部山区SO2浓度水平明显低于中心城区及西南、东南部地区,受减排措施影响较大的石景山、东四、通州监测点的SO2浓度降低明显;在2014年1月14~18日一次重污染过程中北京SO2存在明显的区域输送,PAST源示踪技术初步计算显示外来源对北京SO2浓度的贡献率为83%,其中北京周边高架点源电厂贡献占21%,北京4家主要燃煤电厂对全市SO2浓度贡献率约为3.5%.     

唐山市2017年采暖期不同污染等级PM_(2.5)化学组分特征对比与来源分析

为深入了解唐山市采暖期PM_(2.5)污染成因与来源,采用在线监测设备于2017年12月1日—2018年1月28日连续监测了唐山市PM_(2.5)及其水溶性离子和碳质组分(OC、EC)的质量浓度变化,并结合部分常规气体污染物及气象数据进行对比分析.结果表明:①相对湿度的增加和风速的降低促进了污染的发展.②清洁、轻中度污染和重污染时,SOR (硫氧化率)分别为0. 05、0. 08、0. 20,NOR (氮氧化率)分别为0. 05、0. 12、0. 26,随着污染的加重,SO_2、NOx向PM_(2.5)中SO_4~(2-)、NO3-的二次转化现象更加明显.③清洁时,ρ(OC)、ρ(EC)、ρ(SO_4~(2-))和ρ(Cl-)占PM_(2.5)化学组分(水溶性离子、碳质组分)质量浓度总和的68%,主要污染源为燃煤;清洁、轻中度污染和重污染时,ρ(NO_2)/ρ(SO_2)分别为0. 96、1. 14、1. 44,ρ(NO3-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))分别为0. 94、1. 57和1. 75;重污染时,ρ(SO_4~(2-))、ρ(NO3-)、ρ(NH_4~+)三者之和占PM_(2.5)化学组分质量浓度总和的61%,二次污染物成为主要污染源.④观测期,唐山市轻中度污染和重污染时,受经北京市、天津市等唐山市西部地区方向气团影响频率分别为61%、63%,受该方向气团影响时,ρ(NO_2)/ρ(SO_2)、ρ(NO3-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))明显增大.研究显示,相较于燃煤排放物在大气污染物中的占比变化,随着污染的加重,工业工艺和机动车尾气排放产生的污染物占比明显增大,区域传输对大气污染影响不可忽略,政府有必要开展区域联防联控、停产限产和限行限号的措施.     

APEC前后北京SO2垂直分布特征及其对二次硫酸盐生成的影响

SO_2是北京大气中重要的污染气体.为探讨亚太经合组织(APEC)峰会前后北京大气SO_2的垂直分布及其对二次硫酸盐(SO_4~(2-))生成的影响,我们于2014年10月21日至11月30日在地面和北京325 m气象塔260 m高度处同步开展了气体SO_2和亚微米颗粒物中硫酸盐(SO_4~(2-))实时连续在线观测.结果显示,采暖前,北京地面SO_2浓度较低,但高层由于显著受到区域输送的影响浓度较高,两层污染物变化趋势也存在明显差异.采暖后,即APEC后,受本地供暖排放影响,SO_2和SO_4~(2-)浓度显著增加,两层的总体差异也相应减小,变化趋势也更为一致.湿度对SO_2的液相转化起关键作用.我们发现近地面SO_2的转化率(SOR)显著高于260 m,这主要与地面较高的湿度相关.事实上,SOR随着湿度增加而迅速增大,进一步凸显了湿度对SO_2液相氧化的影响.另外,我们也发现SO_2特别是260 m在低湿范围(RH40%)内随湿度增加而逐渐升高,但在高湿范围(RH50%)内则呈下降趋势,说明不同湿度范围内的来源或者生成机制可能有所不同.SO_4~(2-)和PM_(2.5)浓度均随着湿度的增加而增加,但不同湿度范围,增加速率不同.通过相关性和和后向轨迹分析表明,区域输送(特别是途经北京西部和南部的气团)和本地燃煤排放分别是采暖前后污染物的主要来源.     

南京市大气细颗粒物二次组分的时空变化特征

在南京市六个典型点位,于2014~2015年的四个季节,开展了PM_(2.5)化学组分的监测.基于513个有效样本资料,分析了包括硫酸根(SO_4~(2-))、硝酸根(NO_3~-)、铵根(NH_4~+)和二次有机物(SOA)的二次组分的时空分布特征.结果表明:南京市PM_(2.5)以二次组分为主,约占57.7%,其中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+和SOA年均浓度分别为11.9,12.5,7.7,8.7μg/m~3,所占PM_(2.5)的比例分别是17.2%、16.9%、10.5%、13.1%,其中98.8%的SO_4~(2-)为非海盐成分;近年来,[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]快速增加,2015年约达到1.0,表明机动车的贡献日益突出;南京市二次组分季节差异较显著,NO_3~-、NH_4~+和SOA占比秋冬季节大于春夏季节,SO_4~(2-)占比春夏季节大于秋冬季节;空间分布上,二次组分的占比在远郊区最高(73.5%),其次是近郊新城区(59.0%),城市中心区和工业区最小(57.3%,57.4%),这反映了不同区域PM_(2.5)来源的差异;随着污染水平的上升,NO_3~-的占比显著增加,这表明机动车对于重污染过程具有更加重要的影响.研究结果深化了关于南京PM_(2.5)来源的认识,可以为更有效地控制灰霾污染提供科学依据.     

京津冀及周边地区PM_(2.5)传输规律研究

本研究采用WRF-CAMx模型对京津冀及周边7省市PM_(2.5)与SIA组分传输规律进行了研究,定量估算了京津冀地区PM_(2.5)与SIA的空间来源贡献,并得到了各省市之间的传输矩阵.结果表明,PM_(2.5)与SIA组分跨区域传输作用较为显著.京津冀区域PM_(2.5)与SIA组分外来源年均贡献分别为23.4%和45.5%.京津冀及周边各省市年均PM_(2.5)与SIA组分受本地排放影响分别为51.2%~68.8%与36.7%~56.4%.结合后向轨迹模型对北京市2013年1月4次重污染过程的空间来源进行了分析,发现各过程污染气团来向有明显差异,分别由西北方向长距离传输、南部短距离传输以及西南、东南方向局地气团输入.4次重污染过程PM_(2.5)区域传输作用显著,北京PM_(2.5)及SIA本地源贡献分别为35.1%~37.3%与17.1%~28.4%;其中偏南方向气团输入时,北京污染程度更高,且受京津冀排放源贡献较大,PM_(2.5)和SIA贡献率最高可达82.3%和76.4%.     

遵义PM_(2.5)中二次水溶性无机离子分布特征与来源

2014年3-12月,对遵义丁字口(市区点)和凤凰山(背景点)按季节进行了PM_(2.5)的样品采集,对其中二次水溶性无机离子(NH_4~+、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))分布特征及存在形态进行研究。结果表明,NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)是遵义市PM_(2.5)的主要离子,其季节变化规律明显:NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)的质量浓度表现为秋冬春夏;NH_4~+则表现冬秋春夏。丁字口PM_(2.5)中NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的质量浓度均高于凤凰山。相关性分析表明,遵义PM_(2.5)中NH_4~+、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)在春、冬季主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在;夏季主要以NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在;秋季主要以NH_4HSO_4的形式存在。PM_(2.5)的酸碱度分析显示遵义PM_(2.5)主要呈酸性。SOR(硫表观氧化率)和NOR(氮表观氧化率)均值大于0.1,且丁字口SOR、NOR值略高于凤凰山;丁字口、凤凰山NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)年均值分别为0.46±0.08和0.43±0.10,说明遵义市大气中的硫和氮主要来自于固定源。     

西安市重污染与清洁天PM2.5组分及其活性氧物质对比

针对重霾污染,在西安市冬季重污染日(2015-11-30~2015-12-09)和清洁日(2016-01-13~2016-01-22)各进行了为期10d的PM_(2.5)采集,测量其中的有机碳、元素碳,及NH_4~+、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)等无机水溶性离子,探讨两种污染条件下的组分特征及其成因.结果表明:观测期,重霾日和清洁日PM_(2.5)质量浓度分别为(170±47.5)μg·m~(-3)和(48.6±17.9)μg·m~(-3),且重霾日伴随低能见度、高湿静风等多种不利气象条件;重霾日二次无机离子(NH_4~+、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))组分占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的49.8%±13.1%,而清洁日为19.4%±5.95%,并且重霾日硫氧化速率(sulfur oxidation ratio,SOR)和氮氧化速率(nitrogen oxidation ratio,NOR)分别为0.282±0.157和0.269±0.124,远高于清洁日(SOR和NOR分别为0.189±0.057和0.077±0.046),重霾日二次有机组分浓度[(6.22±3.87)μg·m~(-3)]是清洁日[(1.44±1.63)μg·m~(-3)]的5倍,表明二次污染及不利气象条件是造成重霾期间相关组分浓度升高的重要原因.最后,通过二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐(2',7'-DCFH)化学荧光分析法测定了其中活性氧物质(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的浓度,探讨其对于二次无机组分形成的影响,结果表明观测期ROS平均浓度(以H_2O_2计)分别为(4.99±1.54)nmol·m~(-3)(重霾期),(0.492±0.356)nmol·m~(-3)(清洁期),二次反应及积累效应可能是西安重霾条件下ROS浓度升高的主要原因.NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)与ROS均呈现正相关(P0.05),表明ROS可能通过二次氧化过程参与到二次无机组分形成过程中.     

杭州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及其消光贡献

对杭州市2013年大气PM_(2.5)进行采样分析,探讨了其中水溶性离子的污染特征和消光贡献.杭州市PM_(2.5)中总水溶性离子的质量浓度为37.5μg·m~(-3),占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的44.4%,二次离子SNA(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+)是水溶性离子的主要成分,共占到水溶性离子的83.4%.PM_(2.5)和主要水溶性离子的质量浓度都在冬季最大,夏季最低,夏秋季水溶性离子占PM_(2.5)的比值明显高于冬春季,而SNA在总水溶性离子中的比例4个季节非常接近.燃料燃烧和汽车尾气排放导致的二次离子生成,对杭州市PM_(2.5)贡献最大.SOR和NOR的年平均值分别为0.27和0.15,SO_2在大气中的转化率大于NO_x,SOR和NOR与相对湿度都呈现出明显正相关,非均相氧化过程对SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-的生成具有重要贡献.气溶胶中[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]的年平均值为0.63,主要受到燃煤排放的影响.霾天随着霾污染等级的逐渐加重,PM_(2.5)、水溶性离子和SNA的浓度都逐渐增大,SOR和NOR值也不断升高,霾天稳定的天气条件,能有效促进污染物的积累和二次转化.PM_(2.5)和SNA的质量浓度与大气消光系数都呈现出明显正相关,使用IMPROVE公式对不同化学组分消光系数的计算结果能够基本反映出气溶胶对大气散射的变化趋势,其结果显示SNA对大气总消光系数的贡献达60.8%.SNA的消光系数冬季最高,夏季最低,随着霾污染等级的加重,SNA的消光系数和对总消光的贡献比例也逐步增加.     

延庆区大气PM_(2.5)组分构成及特征分析

2017年7月至2018年6月期间,作者对北京市延庆区夏都公园和体育公园2个点位开展为期1年的PM_(2.5)化学组分研究,通过Pearson系数研究各组分间关系。结果表明:采样期间2个点位的PM_(2.5)主要成分为OM、EC、NH_4~+、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、地壳元素、微量元素及其他,质量浓度分别为16.67、3.25、2.98、6.68、4.02、7.98、2.06、5.86μg/m~3,占比分别为33%、7%、6%、13%、8%、17%、4%、12%,OM为PM_(2.5)最大的组分;各组分含量随季节变化,OM春秋季节最高;NO_3~-离子春季最高,占比为18%;NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)离子夏季最高;地壳元素在冬季占比最高。优、良天气条件,有机物占比最大,34%～37%;重污染时,二次离子占比高达58%;天气由优、良向重污染变化,地壳元素占比明显降低,重污染时仅2%。延庆区OC/EC比值为3.2,表明大气中存在二次污染,主要来自机动车和燃煤排放;NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)比值大于1,说明移动源对延庆区PM_(2.5)贡献较大。EC与OM在不同空气质量级别,均存在显著相关性,具有同源性;NH_4~+与SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-间的相关性随着空气质量变差而增强;OM与地壳元素随着空气质量变差,相关性减弱,优良天为显著线性相关,重污染时无明显线性相关。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.