滇池烷基苯磺酸钠的分布,降解及对鲤鱼的危害效应

研究表明滇池水中ＬＡＳ含量为０．０１８～０．０２９ｍｇ／ｌ，局部水域达０．２～０．７ｍｇ／ｌ；ＡＢＳ强烈地吸附在底质中，以湖体呈曲线分布，平均含量高达０．４３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，１６ｈ内ＬＡＳ动态降解率比静态降解率高２．２倍，不同浓度的ＬＡＳ对滇池鲤鱼的结果表明，５～３５ｍｇ／ｌ浓度水中，溶解氧下降，ｐＨ值升高，产生急性危害效应，半致死浓度４８ＴＬ５０为３．０ｍｇ／ｌ，完全浓度为０．３ｍｇ／ｌ。当ＬＡＳ含     

西湖底泥不同供氧条件下有机质降解及CO2与CH4释放速率的模拟研究

采用密闭培养实验装置于室温（２５℃左右）及ｐＨ为７５条件下，对西湖底泥中有机质完全降解及转化为ＣＯ２和ＣＨ４的速率进行了模拟研究．结果表明，在西湖湖水现有供氧水平（５０—８６ｍｇ（Ｏ２）／Ｌ）条件下，底泥中有机质完全降解的速率最为缓慢，培养期间（４２天）平均只有０７２ｍｇ（Ｃ）／（ｋｇ·ｄ）．当湖水供氧水平进一步上升（８６→１２０→１６０ｍｇ（Ｏ２）／Ｌ），ＣＯ２释放速率增加，最大值可达到８７ｍｇ（Ｃ）／（ｋｇ·周）；当湖水供氧水平下降（８６→０ｍｇ（Ｏ２）／Ｌ），ＣＨ４释放速率加快，最大值可达到４６ｍｇ（Ｃ）／（ｋｇ·周）．     

SBR工艺处理焦化污水

本研究采用ＳＢＲ技术处理毒性大、可生化性差的焦化污水。当污水ＣＯＤｏｒ、酚和氰浓度分别为１４００－２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，２３０－３８０ｍｇ／Ｌ和１．９０－３．７６ｍｇ／Ｌ时，经处理后，出水ＣＯＤｏｒ〈２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ（混凝后，ＣＯＤｏｒ〈２００ｍｇ／Ｌ），酚和氰均远低０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤｏｒ酚和氰的去除率分别为９１％、９９．８％和９５％，大大高于连续流一化处理焦化污水的效果。试验结果表明，ＳＢＲ系统操     

藻类急性毒性实验阳性参比毒物的筛选

研究了８种化合物对一种淡水绿藻－斜生栅藻的毒性作用。结果表明斜生栅藻时Ｃｄｓｏ４，的毒性作用敏感，又由于Ｃｄｓｏ４具有性质稳定、重复性好、方便易得等特点，因此被选为我们的阳性参比毒物。ｃｄｓｏ４的９６ＥＣ５０值为０．５４３ｍｇ／Ｌ（细胞数），０．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ（光密度）。     

锌湿法冶炼废水中锌,镁的连续测定

本文介绍冶炼废水中锌和镁进行了测定方法的实验研究。实验证明：在ｐＨ５．５和ｐＨ１０的两种缓冲介质中，以２．０ｇ／ＬＸＯ指示剂０．１５ｍｇ／Ｌ和５ｇ／ＬＥＢＴ指示剂１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ为指示剂，在掩蔽Ｆｅ＾３＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋后，进行ＥＤＴＡ络合滴定，结果准确、可靠，且方法具有简单迅速的优点。     

塔里木河地表及地下水中氟离子的分布和变化规律

在里木河上游源流阿克苏河及其干流共设６个监测站，进行了一个完整年度的水化学分析，得出氟离子的分布规律为：（１）上游源流含量低，年平均水小１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，年平均大于１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ；（２）Ｆ＾－含量高低与河水注 密切关系，夏季洪水期流量超过１００ｍ＾３／ｓ，含量低于１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，不期和枯水期流量泪地５０ｍ＾３／ｓ，含量低于１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，平永期和 水期流量小于５０ｍ＾３／ｓ，含量高于１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，     

煤气洗涤废水的处理研究

本研究对特难处理的煤气洗涤废水，采用混凝──电化学氧化处理，可获得良好的处理效果．其ＣＯＤ、油、酚分别由１０３２２ｍｇ／Ｌ、１５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ、１５７０ｍｇ／Ｌ降至２８９ｍｇ／Ｌ、１００ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ．去除率分别为９７．２％，９３．３％，９９．９７％．     

丙酮、异丙醇的分离和顶空气相色谱测定

研究了环境大气及水质中丙酮和异丙醇的分析方法，采用顶空气相色谱法测定，用ＰＥＧ－２０Ｍ３０ｍ＊５３ｕｍ和ＦＦＡＰ３０ｍ＊５３０ｕｍ大口径弹性石英毛细管柱分离，氢火争离子化检测器检测，避免了复杂的基体干扰，得到了良好的分离效果和较高的灵敏度，丙酮和异丙醇检出限最低分别＝可达０．０３ｍｇ／Ｌ、０．０４ｍｇ／Ｌ，０．００２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３、０．００３ｍｇ／ｍ＾３。     

柠檬酸废水的厌氧－兼氧－好氧处理

采用厌氧－兼氧－好氧工艺处理柠檬酸废水。管道厌氧消化器在进水ＰＨ３．４４～４．３８．ＣＯＤ１４１８７．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，处理水量为２００ｔ／ｄ，有机负荷率７．０９ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）条件下，出水ＰＨ７．０～７．５，ＣＯＤ去除率为用８１．１％，产气率为０．４３ｍ３／ｋｇＣＯＤ。兼氧－好氧处理进水ｐＨ３．２～４．６，ＣＯＤ１９２９ｍｇ，／Ｌ．处理水量１０８０ｔ／ｄ，停留时间为兼氧６ｈ、好氧１３ｈ，出水ｐＨ７．４～８．１，ＣＯＤ１０７．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，达到ＧＢ８９７８－８８二级标准。     

废渣中氰化物对地下水污染影响的试验研究

通过模拟淋溶试验，研究了含氰废渣中氰化物对地下水污染的可能性。结果表明，含氰废渣中氰化物可被天然降水淋溶，对地下水产生污染。新排放矿渣初次淋溶液总氰化物浓度可达１０４．８５ｍｇ／Ｌ，易释放氰化物浓度可达６１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，总氰化物浸出量为３６．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ矿渣，易释放氰化物浸出量为１８．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ矿渣；新排放矿渣经曝晒处理后，初次淋溶液总氰化物和易释放氰化物和易释放氰化物浓度可分别降至３１．２９ｍ     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO2-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO2-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO2-NPs su ered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO2-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO2-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO2-NPs released into the aqueous environment.     

用苯及其生物代谢物酚、醌处理大鼠各器官中DNA加合物的形成和分布

用苯及其在生物体内代谢物酚，醌处理大鼠，２４ｈ后取基肝、肾、肺、脾诸组织，用＾３２Ｐ后标记方法测４种器官中ＤＮＡ加合物含量。其结果是：在上述各器均发现有ＤＮＡ加合物的形成，４咱器官中总加合物量值对苯、酚、醌依次为９．１８－８９．１３、２０．８－２４３．８、５３．１－３０８．９加合物／１０＾８正常核酸，３种系列化合物对大鼠４种器官中ＤＮＡＬ中合物形成能力依次为醌〉酚〉苯。而大鼠中４种器官对同一化合物     

苯并(a)芘对大弹涂鱼肝脏和卵巢还原型谷胱甘肽 含量影响的比较研究

分析了大弹涂肌肉、腮、脏脏、内脏（不含肝脏）以及卵巢等不同器官的还原型谷胱甘肽含量，并以不这原型谷胱甘肽含量较高的肝脏和 卵巢为研究对象，在实验生态条件下，将大弹涂鱼暴露于0，0.05，0.2和0.5mg/L等不同浓度的苯并（a）芘3d，比较这两个器官中还原型谷胱甘肽含量的变化。结果显示，苯并（a）芘肋迫下，大弹 涂鱼肝脏和卵巢还原型谷胱甘肽含量均显著升高（P≤0.05)；表明肝脏和卵巢都是代谢苯并（a）芘的主要器官，还原型谷胱甘肽含量的显著升高表明机体对苯并（a）芘胁迫的适应性反应。     

铅在五指山猪组织器官中的分布与积累研究

研究了铅在五指山猪（WZSP）组织器官中的分布与累积,及饲料铅含量与组织器官中铅含量的关系.将20头五指山猪随机分为5组,分别饲喂含铅量为0.046 mg·kg-1（Ⅰ组）、6.790 mg·kg-1（Ⅱ组）、17.370 mg·kg-1（Ⅲ组）、53.600 mg·kg-1（Ⅳ组）、154.000 mg·kg-1（Ⅴ组）的饲料,持续喂养100d.屠宰后取心脏、肝脏、肾脏、肺、胃、小肠、大肠、猪耳、猪舌、猪尾、里脊肉、肋排肉、股骨骨质、股骨骨髓、肋骨和猪毛,测定其中的铅含量.结果表明, 肝脏、肾脏、股骨骨质、股骨骨髓、肋骨、猪毛等组织器官的铅含量随攻毒剂量的提高而明显上升,且与饲料中的铅含量呈正相关;当饲喂铅含量低于国家标准（5mg·kg-1）时,这些组织器官内的铅含量仍有可能超标.心脏、肺、胃、大肠、里脊肉、猪舌、猪尾中的铅含量与饲料中的铅含量没有相关性,即使饲喂铅含量超过国家标准30倍以上的饲料（铅含量154.000mg·kg-1）,这些组织器官的铅含量仍低于国家限量标准.骨组织、肝脏、肾脏对铅有着较强的富集能力,而猪肉、猪耳、猪舌、猪尾、猪心、猪肺等其它组织器官中的铅累积量低于限量标准.本研究旨在为制定猪肉制品,特别是可食用组织器官的铅限量标准提供理论依据,同时,为禽畜可食用组织器官的重金属风险评估提供参考.     

Effect of sub-acute exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles on oxidative stress and histopathological changes in Juvenile Carp （Cyprinus carpio）

Increasing application of nanotechnology highlights the need to clarify and understand nanotoxicity. Mammalian and in vitro studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs), but there are limited data on ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. In this work, the sub-acute toxicity of TiO₂-NPs to carp (Cyprinus carpio) was assessed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in liver, gill and brain tissues of carps varied with concentration of TiO₂-NPs suspensions and exposure time (up to 8 d). As a result, 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs caused statistically significant decrease in SOD, CAT and POD activities and significant increase in LPO levels in tissues (P < 0.05), suggesting that the fish exposed to these two concentrations of TiO₂-NPs suffered from the oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes activities and the elevation of LPO in the liver was the greatest, indicating that the liver might be the most susceptible organ to TiO₂-NPs exposure. In addition, carps had gill pathologies including edema and thickening of gill lamellae as well as gill filaments, and liver pathologies including necrotic and apoptosis hepatocytes after exposed to 100 and 200 mg/L TiO₂-NPs for 20 d. These results indicated a potential risk from TiO₂-NPs released into the aqueous environment.     

苯处理SD大鼠器官和血中DNA加合物的形成与分布

以Ｐ１核酸酶提高灵敏度的＾３２Ｐ后标记法系统研究活体条件下腹腔注射苯处理的ＳＤ大鼠脏器和血细胞中ＤＮＡ加合物的形成与分布。结果表明，苯诱导或Ａｒｏｃｌｏｒ诱导对苯处理的ＳＤ大鼠体内ＤＮＡ加合物的形成有明显的促进作用，苯诱导的促进作用大于Ａｒｏｃｌｏｒ诱导。采用共价加合物标记指数对＾３２Ｐ后标记法数据进行计算的结果表明，此指数能反映出同一处理不同器官及不同处理相同器官中的ＤＮＡ加合物的形成与分布情况     

硝基苯灌胃致小鼠蛋白质氧化损伤作用的研究

为了探讨硝基苯对小鼠多器官的蛋白质氧化损伤程度,采用不同剂量的硝基苯对小鼠进行灌胃染毒(每天1次,共30 d),用2,4-二硝基苯肼比色法测定小鼠组织蛋白质羰基含量,用以判断蛋白质的损伤程度.结果显示,各组织空白对照和油对照组间差异均不显著(p＞0.05),随着染毒剂量的增加,肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和心脏的蛋白质羰基含量呈上升趋势,脑组织只在高剂量组表现明显升高趋势;低剂量组与油对照组相比,只有肝脏蛋白质羰基含量显著性升高(p＜0.05);中、高剂量组与油对照组相比,各组织蛋白质羰基含量显著性升高(p＜0.05).以上结果表明,低剂量硝基苯可以对细胞蛋白质产生氧化损伤作用,并且随着染毒剂量的增加,小鼠各组织蛋白质羰基含量呈上升趋势,蛋白质氧化损伤程度加重.     

Chemical and biochemical studies in fetuses affected with nieman-pick disease type A

Chemical and biochemical studies were performed on two unrelated fetuses affected with Niemann-Pick disease type A, following abortion at about the 19th week of gestation. Abortion was performed as a consequence of previous findings, in amniotic fluid cell cultures, that sphingomyelinase activity was completely absent. Phospholipid analyses of various organs of the fetuses, spleen and liver were the organs mostly affected. Interestingly enough considerable accumulation of sphingomyelin was found in the placenta. The brain was the only organ in which sphingomyeiin storage could not be proved. In addition to sphingomyelin a slight accumulation of cholesterol was noticed. Deficiency of sphingomyelinase activity measured at pH 5·0 was the general characteristic of the affected tissues. It is concluded that the accumulation of sphingomyelin in various organs throughout the body of fetuses affected with Niemann-Pick disease is suggestive of the essential role of the enzyme sphingomyelinase and its biochemical maturation, even during the early stages of gestation.     

二氧化硫对小鼠不同组织器官的氧化损伤作用

对小鼠进行SO2染毒处理，测定吸入SO2后6种脏器（脑、肺、心、肝、脾、肾）的抗氧伦酶活性及抗氧化物质（GSH）和脂质过氧化作用（LPO）的水平。结果表明，（1）SO2吸入引起所有所试脏器抗氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH－Px）活性降低，GSH含量下降及脂质过氧化作用升高。（2）SO2对不同脏器引起的氧化损伤程度不同，存在器官差异，尤其以脑、心、肝、肺更为严重。（3）雌、雄有一定差别。由此得出结论：（1）通过过氧自由基引起组织细胞的氧化损伤可能是SO2毒理作用的主要机制；（2）SO2是一种全身性毒物，它可能引起多种组织器官损伤和疾病。     

Alterations of endogenous metabolites in urine of rats exposed to decabromodiphenyl ether using metabonomic approaches

There is large usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） especially for decabromodiphenyl ether （BDE-209, Deca-BDE） in controlling the risks of fire. The toxicological effects of PBDEs are worth being concerned about. Female SD rats were daily gavaged with BDE-209 ether at the dose of 100 mg/kg for 20 days. Histological observation was performed for the screening of the target organs for BDE-209 exposure. The distribution and metabolism of PBDEs in the exposed main organs were evidenced by HRGC-HRMS. Alterations of the endogenous metabolite concentrations in urine were investigated using metabonomic approaches based on IH NMR spectrum. Histopathological changes including serious edema in kidney, hepatocellular spotty necrosis and perivasculitis in liver indicated that BDE-209 caused potential influences on endogenous metabolism in the exposed liver and the kidney. BDE-209 was found to be highly accumulated in lipid, ovary, kidney and liver after 20 days＇ exposure. Occurrence of other lower brominated PBDEs in the rats demonstrated that reductive debromination process happened in vivo. Hydroxylated and methoxylated-BDEs, as metabolism products, were also detected in the rat tissues. A total of 12 different endogenous metabolites showed obvious alterations in urine from the exposed rats, indicating the disturbance of the corresponding internal biochemical processes induced by BDE-209 exposure. These findings in vivo suggested the potential health risk might be of concern due to the toxicological effects of BDE-209 as a ubiquitous compound in the environment.